Monk

Monk (Sanskrit Bo Vedic Ye), a Buddhist term, also known as congren. It refers to leaving family life, joining the sangha and becoming a Buddhist monk, cultivating shamans and purity, and pursuing spiritual liberation. Such a person is also called a monk. And the collective noun of all Buddhist monks, called monastics, and the group in which the monks live together, is called the sangha.

Sometimes, the "unmarried Catholic clergy" is also referred to as home. For example, "St. Francis, the founder of the Franciscan Order, was inspired by the Gospel of Matthew and finally became a monk. "True Freedom": "I am a monk, like Venerable Sheng Yan, I have no property of my own, and my most precious asset is my faith. ”

Taoism Quanzhen Dao also has a system of unmarried ordination (historically, the Southern Sect of Quanzhen Dao did not advocate ordination). Taoism is a Taoist priest who has a wife and children, and does not leave home.

People often believe that people become monks because they have seen through the red dust after being severely hit, but this opinion varies from person to person. Instead, some people call ordination a true "homecoming," which means a return from religion to one's true self in the depths of one's heart.

Classification of monks

1. Becoming a monk: It means that although one takes refuge in the form of Buddhism, shaves his ordination, wears monk's clothes, receives the three great precepts, and lives in a Buddhist monastic temple, he looks like a monk on the surface, which is the so-called renunciation. If you are a monk, but because you still think about the life in your family, or even live the essence of living in your family, this is the so-called "being a monk and not leaving home".

2. Spiritual monasticism: It means emphasizing the essence of being a monk in Buddhism, rather than just wearing monk's clothes and living in a monastery. Because the motivation of becoming a monk is to be free from the troubles and shackles of the world, the real renunciation is not to become a monk for the sake of obtaining any worldly dharma, but to become a monk for the sake of leaving the worldly dharma.

Also vulgar

Returning to the vulgar, Buddhist term. Originally, it meant that monks and nuns were expelled from the Sangha community according to the law because they broke their vows and returned to their lay homes to restore their status as secular people, so it was called returning to the laity. If, due to many personal factors, one voluntarily renounces his vows and leaves the Sangha and returns to the lay family and restores his status as a layman, it is called a conversion to the layman, also known as an anti-layman. But later, the vulgar also included the meaning of returning to the vulgar, not necessarily the negative meaning. In addition, because of political factors such as banning and abolishing Buddhism in previous dynasties, monks and nuns across the country were ordered to return to the laity, such as the three martial arts to destroy the Buddha. On the contrary, there are also people who become monks involuntarily and are not able to return to the world until they are allowed to do so, such as the concubines of **, the slaves and maids who serve with them, and the young children (sent to Buddhist temples as small novices) and so on.

As for the number of times a bhikshu is allowed to return to the laity in Buddhism, there are three chances, one says seven, but a bhikshuni can only return to the laity once.

In addition to Buddhism, Taoist priests and female crowns in Taoism also often return to the world. In addition, when monks of Western religions such as monks and nuns no longer continue their cultivation, Chinese is also called returning to the laity. In Chinese and foreign history, many religions have been ordered by the ruler to demolish religious buildings, prohibit proselytizing, and forcibly return to the laity due to the intervention of political forces, resulting in religious disasters (referred to as religious disasters, which are often called Dharma disasters for Buddhists), which is one of the forms of religious persecution.

monk

Bhikshu (Pali: bhikkhu, Skt. bhik?u), a Buddhist term, also translated as bhikkhu, bhikkhu, bhikshu, bhikhu In Buddhism, male ordained monks are called bhikshus (female ordination is called bhikshunis). It is one of the five congregations and seven congregations of Buddhism, and together with the bhikshunis, it is called the second congregation. Han Chinese residents usually refer to monk or shaman as a common name for bhikshus.

Male Buddhist monks who have not received full ordination because they are minors are called novices and are only required to take the ten precepts. However, after attaining full ordination as an adult, one must observe the 250 bhikshu vows.

Novices

Shami (Sanskrit: ?rāma?era) is a Buddhist term for a man under the age of 20 or other junior monks. Its status is lower than that of a bhikshu. The corresponding female monks are called novice nuns (Sanskrit: ?rāma?eri).

According to the Pali scriptures, the earliest novice was Rahula, the son of Shakyamuni. Because he was only 7 years old when he became a monk, and those under the age of 20 were not allowed to receive full ordination, Shakyamuni asked him to practice as a novice.

Novice precepts

Those who wish to become novices or novice nuns must have the consent of the sangha they wish to join, and then undergo a public ordination ceremony. Novices are ordained by bhikshus who have been ordained for more than 10 years and are well-versed in the precepts, and novice nuns are ordained by bhikshunis who have been proficient in the precepts for more than 12 years and are given the ordination to monk's garments. After further study, the ordained novices receive the five precepts and the ten precepts.

Novice classification

Between the ages of 7 and 13, they are called Ushami (nuns) and are named because they can do simple jobs such as banishing birds and finches from the drying grounds.

14-19 years old, known as the novice (nun), because of its ability to comply with the novice.

Those who are ordained between the ages of 20 and 70 are called novices (nuns) because they could have been bhikshus according to their age, but they did not have the cause.

A minor ordained person may take bhikshu ordination (bhikshuni ordination) to further become a bhikshu or bhikshuni after reaching the age of 20, or after a period of study.

According to Vinaya regulations, a novice nun has to go through a two-year shakshamana stage before becoming a bhikshuni.

Bhikshunis

Bhikshunis (Skt. : ?? bhik?uni; Pali bhikk mixed i), also translated as 苾刍尼, bihuni, except for the woman, beggar's woman, and shamannu, commonly known as nun in Chinese. A bhikshuni is a female monk who has received full ordination. "Nun" means a woman in Sanskrit, and the bhikshu and the bhikshuni together are called the two monks.

Those who receive the ten precepts of novice nuns are called novice nuns. After that, those who received the Shikshamana ordination were called Shikshamana, also known as the Dharma Woman. The last person to receive full ordination is a bhikshuni.

History of Bhikshunis

In the Buddhist Sangha, the first monk to become a monk was an aunt who raised Shakyamuni, a bhikshuni of the Great Love. In the time of the Buddha, there were many bhikshunis who achieved spiritual attainment, and the famous one was the lotus-colored bhikshuni who had the first supernatural powers.

India has traditionally discriminated against women, but the Buddha established the bhikshuni monastic to give Indian women a choice. During the Tribal Buddhist period, Emperor Ashoka sent the Sangha Sangha (Sanghamitta) bhikshuni to Sri Lanka and establish a Theravada bhikshuni monastic in Ceylon. Later, in 435 AD, Ceylon sent eleven bhikshunis to the Jin Dynasty to confer two ordination monas on the bhikshunis of Han China. In the Han Buddhist region, there is a bhikshuni ordination lineage. The bhikshuni ordination in the Han Buddhist region originated in Theravada and was transmitted to China from the Dharmaguptaka and Dharma Zang schools respectively, and they are still passed down to this day.

In 1996, Sri Lanka brought the Korean bhikshuni to ordination. The first Sri Lankan revival bhikshuni was the bhikk mixed ikusuma. Now the Theravada lineage has been revived in the bhikshuni lineage, and the bhikshuni sangha includes Sri Lanka, the first bhikshuni dhammananda (chatsumarnkabilsingh) in Thailand, the first Theravada bhikshuni in the West, ayyakhema, the first four nuns in Theravada in Australia, full ordination, October 22, 1998, Vayama, Nirodha, Seri, Hassapa ~n~na, Thai Forest Meditation Tradition, Presided over by Ajahnbrahm, the first Theravada bhikshuni in Hong Kong, the bhikk mixed iuttaranandi, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe also revived the bhikshuni sangha.

In China, due to the influence of the special period, the bhikshuni ordination lineage was cut off for a time, and only Hong Kong, Macao, Singapore, Malaysia and Taiwan remained. But with China's reform and opening up, the Chinese tradition of bhikshuni was slowly restored.

Bhikshuni ordination

The Pali Vini bhikshunis have 311 vows. 8 precepts; 17 temporary detention premonitions; 30 vows of repentance and depravity; 166 vows of repentance; 75 precepts.