When it comes to whether reason is returning, we must first understand what "reason" is, and what is the position of reason as a behavioral response in human intelligence. Pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info "rationality" is precisely the answers, schemes, methods, methods and other thinking methods that are conducive to operability obtained by human beings in intuitive thinking, reverse thinking, dialectical thinking, and absolute thinking.

Rationality is classified in the category of materialism, and the scope of research is extensive, involving all things in the world, but the focus is still on studying the laws of the development of things, summarizing the empiricality of human wisdom, recording the memory fragments of human wisdom, making wise judgments for solving the difficulties encountered in human development, and providing correct and high-quality solutions, which is one of the two pillars of human thought.

Rationality and human nature are the two pillars of human ideological construction, rationality belongs to the scope of materialism, and human nature belongs to the scope of idealism, both of which are indispensable in the construction of human thought.

These two forms are also the landmark buildings of the two major ideological camps of the East and the West, the "human nature" project belongs to the backbone of the Western ideological architecture, and the "rational" project is the pillar of the Eastern ideological architecture. The two represent the essence of Eastern and Western cultures, as well as the main spirit and mainstream consciousness of today's world culture, which is the source of the humanistic spirit of the East and the West, and is also the metaphysics of political power.

It can be seen that the study of "rationality" and "human nature" are important in world culture.

"Rational" studies play the role of a theoretical framework in the dialectical method of intuitive materialists, while "human nature" studies are the focus of objective idealists, both of which lead the cultural process of the East and the West and affect the changes in the political ecology.

But rational thinking came to an end at the beginning of the last century, losing the light that led people's minds forward, which is why I wrote this article today, let's explore what caused the "rational" thinking society to come to an end?

This starts from the source of rationality, the ancient Chinese rational thinking came from the traditional Chinese science, and the traditional Chinese science did not rise to the scope of philosophy, but the "common sense moral lessons" were attributed to the "primitive reason", to the primitive natural rules stage, and did not detach from the original human nature, and still maintained the original values of human beings.

It is difficult to understand this, in layman's terms, the "rational" thought of traditional Chinese science comes from the primitive life experience summarized by the Chinese observing nature, but the natural laws summarized by the Chinese, as well as the dogmatic rules and systems, and moral norms, and have not risen to the interface of philosophy.

The word "philosophy" is a Chinese character noun composed by the Japanese according to the structure of Chinese characters, and in the true sense of the word, philosophy should be defined as "human nature", and the meaning of philosophy should be clearly defined above "human nature", and the scope of philosophy should be defined by "human nature" as the original nature. Generally speaking, philosophy is the study of "the origin of human nature", and only discussing the issue of "human nature" in the human world, beyond the scope of human beings is no longer the object of philosophical research, beyond "human nature" is no longer philosophy, therefore, philosophy is "human nature", which belongs to the scope of idealism.

The science of the Chinese is very broad, not only the study of natural science, sociology, anthropology, but also the study of the laws of nature, so in a strict sense, traditional Chinese science is not philosophy, nor does it belong to the category of Western philosophy, or even the edge.

So let's analyze in detail what is traditional Chinese science, and what causes rational thinking to come to an end at the beginning of the last century and lose the light that leads people's thinking forward?

The reason for this is the result of the interest psychology of the Chinese imperial rulers who pursue to maintain their dominant position forever, and in order to achieve the goal of not being replaced by others, they try their best to find the laws of nature and the laws of heaven to achieve the goal of the unchanging dominance of all generations. Exhaustively searching for the rules of heaven and earth and destroying human nature is the reason why the ruler uses Zhu Xi's science. As a result, it led to the reality of the Ming and Qing dynasties from prosperity to decline, and finally pushed feudal science to the guillotine, completing the whole process of the reversal of things.

Chinese people have a perfect knot in their hearts, and this knot comes from the rational thought of Chinese science, "At the beginning of man, nature is good." Sex is similar, Xi is far away. … If you don't teach, it's your father's fault. "Chinese believe that people's human nature is similar and interconnected, the difference is that rational behavior is different, people's rational thinking is different, which requires education, where to start? From the father, from the family, this is the beginning of traditional Chinese science "rational" dogmatism.

From here, we can know what kind of discipline is traditional Chinese science, which is purely relying on rational thinking to study the definition of nature and the laws of nature, and all the academic principles derived from it are "rational" dogmatic feudal etiquette thinking, as well as the rules, regulations, moral norms, etc., which have nothing to do with philosophy, or even have nothing to do with it.

Let me give you an example, you can easily understand, for example, every Chinese will have a little servile psychological phenomenon in their hearts, where does this servile psychology come from? Inherited from the primitive ape nature, this kind of thinking can still be seen on the African continent today, and this natural rational behavior can also be seen in the monkey group. The traditional Chinese idea of respect and inferiority, the idea of "benevolence and righteousness", and behavioral responses all come from the summary inheritance of natural laws, rather than the knowledge structure of "human nature" sublimated through the thinking method of "human nature".

Another example is the idea of centralization of power, the idea of "benevolence" in traditional Chinese science, the concept of monarchy and subjectivity, and the idea of learning and excellence, etc., which are all contents after the "rationalization" of the Chinese, and belong to the summary ideas of "common sense moral lessons" attributed to "primitive rationality".

Another example is the moral thinking of the Chinese who abide by the rules, Confucius "University" said: "The way of the university is to be clear and virtuous, to be close to the people, to stop at the best gentleman and to have everything, and then to seek everyone." Confucius's "The Mean" "Do what you have and don't want to do to others." "For politics and morality, such as Beichen, live in its place and the stars are together. Confucius's Analects

Mencius said: "If you don't follow the rules, you can't make a circle." "The Son of Heaven is not benevolent and does not protect the four seas, the princes are not benevolent and does not protect the Sheji, the Qing doctor is not benevolent and does not protect the temple, and the Shishu people are not benevolent and do not protect the four bodies. The monarch is benevolent, and the world is invincible. "The monarch is benevolent, and the world is invincible. "Provincial punishment, thin taxation, deep cultivation and easy to raise. "Wait

Zhu Xi said: "The business of the world is greater than caring for the people, and the foundation of caring for the people lies in the righteousness of the people and the establishment of discipline." "Three aunts and six mothers-in-law, the matchmaker of real adultery and thieves, the beautiful concubine is not the blessing of the boudoir. Slaves should not be handsome, and wives and concubines should not wear makeup. Although the ancestors are far away, the sacrifice must not be insincere, and although the descendants are foolish, the scriptures must not be read. The period of living in the house is simple, and the godson must have righteousness. Don't be greedy for windfalls, don't drink too much wine. "The family is harmonious, although the food is not continued, there is also a surplus of joy. Reading is aimed at sages and sages, and keeping the monarchy in mind for officials. Keep your life and listen to the heavens on time. If you are like this, you are close to it. ”

Reading the remarks of these thinkers, we can see that these words are complete moral standards, moral preaching, and the point is that as far as these ideas are concerned, they are only moral concepts, and they do not rise to the scope of rules and laws, and they are only ideological spaces, not responsibilities and obligations. We know that morality is not bound and has no binding force, morality is just a common-sense ideological mission, and responsibility and obligation are the code of conduct that must be responsible.

As far as the code of conduct of human society is concerned, if the moral standard is only ideological preaching and cannot rise to the scope of responsibility and obligation, and the standard of responsibility cannot be reached, the scope of obligation is only a method of thought, which is an empty dogma. It can be seen that traditional Chinese thought is only a "primitive rational" preaching, and cannot rise to the level of philosophy.

The correct understanding of philosophy should be called "humanism" or "humanism", and among the dogmas of these three Confucian sages, only Mencius has the basic conditions of "humanism" in his thoughts, but it has not formed a perfect concept, and it is only a primary thought.

When ideology is applied to the political system as metaphysics, the political concept will also be unable to form a clear political ecology and form a virtuous circle of political system due to the swaying of ideology and ideas. However, the dynastic rulers of ancient China fully implemented the traditional Chinese philosophy into the political ecology, which must have led to the rapid change of dynastic rule in ancient China.

Ideology and political science are two academic fields of opposition and unity, neither conditioned nor cause and effect of each other, and there is only a development relationship that influences each other, although philosophy is a force that affects the political process, it cannot be the principle and policy that influences the political process.

It can be seen that it is only a matter of time before the end of traditional Chinese science, as early as the fifth to twelfth centuries, the cultural process of the world has undergone great changes, this period is the period of the second change of Eastern and Western cultures, in this period China appeared a new generation of science thinkers represented by Zhu Xi, under the influence of Zhu Xi's thoughts, after China comprehensively improved the academic definition of traditional Chinese science, especially under the leadership of Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Xi's ideas were fully implemented in the royal system, and Zhu Xi's ideas were introduced to the metaphysical political pattern of ancient Chinese feudal dynasties, which also laid the foundation for the Chinese feudal dynasty to die。

In Zhu Xi's thoughts, rational thinking has reached the extreme, and he defined rational judgment within the scope of "learning from things", with "poor heavenly principles, enlightened people, speaking holy words, and passing accidents." ("Anthology") to advocate the rule of the world.

"Anthology": "Between heaven and earth, there is reason and anger. The rational is also the metaphysical way, the essence of living things, and the qi is also the metaphysical instrument, and the tools of living things. "Language": "The place of knowledge of the "University" is the key to all saints. Things are not qualified, they know that they have not arrived, and they are mortals no matter how bad they are. It is necessary to know the character of the object in order to be able to follow it endlessly and enter the realm of the sages. These two passages are telling us a meaning, all the study of reasoning is all from the material conditions, the "object" to achieve the ultimate in the study of reason, the material conditions on the first nature of all methods, the qi (people) in the "metaphysical instrument", put in the second place, "the object of the character of the know, can follow the endlessly, and enter the realm of the sages". Only by exhausting the principle of material conditions, the requirements of the material situation, and exhausting the principles of heaven can we enter the land of the sages and achieve the goals set by the sages.

Ancient Chinese science has developed the doctrine of "reasoning" to the extreme, and has completely improved "rational" thinking to the point of "learning from things" and "poor heavenly principles", reaching its peak.

If these words are just a method of thinking, they are not just preaching when applied to the political process. Once these words are applied to the political process, they determine the direction and tone of the political process and become the guidelines and policies that influence the political process.

The reason why Zhu Xi's thought was able to exist as a metaphysical political thought in the Ming and Qing dynasties is also related to the theory of "learning from things" in the science of science. The truth that "Gewu Zhizhi" tells us is that all human behaviors follow the principles of heaven and strictly follow the laws of nature. This is a purely rational and supreme method of thinking, which just adapted to the political needs of the feudal dynasty at that time, and set the ideological method for the Zhu family to rule the people.

This is the difference between Eastern culture and Western culture, different ways of thinking form different ways of thinking, form two completely different ideological concepts, and then form two different cultural atmospheres, two different political ecology, which also constitute their own different paths of civilization development, and finally form their own different paths of life and death.

Western civilization eventually marched to the world because of its "dedication to humanity and morality", but Chinese culture finally came to an end because of "poor human principles and enlightened human ethics".

From here, we can know whether the traditional Chinese "rationality" should return, if the Chinese really want to return to "rational" thinking, then we must completely change Zhu Xi's ideological method of "knowing things", comprehensively develop the ideological concept of "human nature and knowledge", fully accept the philosophical ideas of Westerners, put "human nature" in the first nature, put "reason" in the position of "metaphysical", and never return "reason" to metaphysical space.

However, judging from the process of the development of human civilization, it is not that rationality must die and be annihilated, and there is no room for development.

In the traditional Chinese world view, the process of development of things begins with one, merges into two, divides into three, becomes four, ends in five, conforms to six, separates from seven, is easy to eight, returns to nine, and is full of ten.

The one that begins in one, joins in two, becomes four, ends in five, and is easy to eight, and is full of ten is the rational (materialist) space of thought, and from one, divided into three, formed in four, knotted in five, conformed to six, separated from seven, easy to eight, attributed to nine, and full of ten belongs to the consciousness space of human nature (idealism). Among them, starting from one, becoming four, ending in five, easy to eight, and full of ten is the worldview of the unity of reason and human nature, why do you say that?

Beginning in one, merging in two, as has been said above, I will not repeat it here, conjunct in two is a complete materialist ideological interface, formed in four and ended in five, easy to eight, and reduced to nine is also the materialist's gaze, but part of it also contains the idea of idealism.

Divided into three, it is completely the ideological space of the idealist, and belongs to the world of the human heart. Keeping to six is the mental world of the optimist, and leaving seven is the pessimist's mental space. Some of them are attributed to the scope of the idealist's gaze, which is divided into three, which is divided into four, which is concluded in five, which is easy to be eight, which is reduced to nine, and which is full of ten.

The world starts with one, one custom. This question has been proven true by modern science, that the universe originated from a nuclear fission, the beginning of the material world.

Two in one, two people in the world, two people can be the world. One yin and one yang are combined to give birth to three, two yin is not born, and two yang are not long. Two people create the world. The opening of the spiritual world, but not by the idealists.

To see the world in three and three, we must think objectively and idealistically about the process of the development of things, and here is the starting point of idealism, the interface that is completely controlled by consciousness.

Formed in four, the four seasons are reincarnated, and the four seasons are spring, summer, autumn and winter. The four seasons reincarnate and time goes back and forth. It is owned by both the materialists and the idealists.

Tie in five, the five grains are abundant, and the five elements are shengke. The development of things is from the beginning to the first, the process to the second, the reproduction to the third, the reincarnation to the fourth, the harvest, the fullness, and the abundance are all in the five, and the fifth is the end of the five substances in the five. This is the world of materialists, but there are also idealist positions.

Shun to six, six six Shun, "tolerance is considerable, advance and retreat can be measured." "Therefore, six things go well. Here is the mental world of the optimist, owned by the idealist.

Separated from seven, seven from "Zhou Li" "Women have seven to go: disobedient to their parents, go." "Seven has the meaning of separation. Here is the psychological world of the pessimist, owned by the idealist.

Eight easy, eight, divided, don't. In eight for the point, for the other, the other is changeable. Easy to change. The eighth is the process of the development and change of things, where the principles of heaven lie, arise in the southeast, and extinct in the northwest. Eight is the focus of both idealism and materialism.

Attributed to nine. Ninety-nine is one, nine is the rule of heaven and earth, and the nine of heaven is under the imperial power, which cannot be crossed. Nine is both the end point of idealism and the point of materialism.

The unity of thinking and existence is also the ultimate goal of human beings in pursuit of the complete unity of "human nature" and "reason".

From this, it can be seen that the world is not a complete world of idealism, nor is it a pattern in which rationalism must die, but a world in which human nature and reason coexist. But if you expand the scope of reason to the extreme, and attack human nature excessively, then you are not far from destruction. If you exaggerate the spirit of humanity excessively and suppress rational choice, then you will not be too far from changing the dynasty.

The Chinese are rational everywhere, setting themselves in the range of a righteous man and a gentleman, and there is a fixed perfect world in the hearts of the Chinese, believing that this world is a rational society, and everyone should follow the rational choice to achieve a perfect ending. Therefore, the rational framework set by the Chinese is as many as a cow's hair, very clear and complete, especially about human desires, the restrictions are stricter, so you just need to do it step by step, you just need to do it according to the "rational" framework set by thinkers and politicians, you can get a perfect life and become a perfect person.

All of this is something that has been instilled at the bottom of your mind since you were a child, and the dogmatic restrictive consciousness of "rationality" increases as you get older, and with every step you take, someone will stand aside and teach you, for fear that you are going down the wrong path. However, the Chinese have never really looked at it rationally, in fact, there are imperfections, uncertainties, defects, contradictions, differences and other factors within things, and these factors happen to cause things to change, or even the fundamental nature of oblivion, it is these core changes that lead to the existence and death of things.

Chinese never look at the incompleteness, uncertainty, defects, contradictions and differences of things, but only from rational thinking, or from completeness and perfection, expect to get a perfect result, but the greatest pain in the world is that there is never a perfect ending, there is, there are only broken dreams.

When rationality reaches the limit, there are barriers everywhere, you are angry, stretching your legs will touch the limits of rationality, the closure of the country is an inevitable trend, closed management will inevitably lead to the stagnation of development, and finally bring people only to bear, can not bear is resistance, a new dynasty has begun. This is the tragedy that inevitably comes when reason is taken to extremes.

Of course "human nature" Nor can it be expanded without limit, but the idealist's objective thinking method is much more mature and clear than the materialist intuitive thinking method, the objective idealist believes that existence is reasonable, freedom is relative, freedom is not completely free for everyone, all freedom is relative, not absolute, freedom is the corresponding return of responsibility, that is to say, you have the responsibility to fulfill the reciprocal social responsibility, the society will naturally return you with reciprocal freedom, you go beyond the reciprocal legal obligations given to you by the society, then the law will also return you with equal legal responsibility, the implication is that you go beyond the space of freedom, and freedom will cease to exist。

For example, the life of husband and wife, the vast majority of Chinese husband and wife life is material conditions, not the spiritual world, but only out of the necessity of survival rather than the pursuit of love to live together.

This is the living space of rational thinking, and it is also the fundamental reason why China is a materialist, speaking of rationality, it is inevitable to put material conditions in the first nature, this is a logical thing, the materialist's world view is that the material basis is the first nature, without the material basis, what do you mess with, you can't eat enough, where does the money come from? If you have milk, you are a mother, if you have money, you are a father, what do people with no money do is also a fantasy, virtual space, people with no money who pay attention to you, you want to get two small dollars to spend, you let you take away two dollars, he can find you, can revolve around you, impossible things. Why should I follow you, I have to let you tinker with the mallet, I am a fool, if I am hungry and hungry by you, I will have infinite feelings at sunrise, unless I am a fool.

Think about it, isn't that the reason?

In fact, from the beginning of people's conscious behavior, there is no complete freedom, and freedom is equal to responsibility. Freedom at home is reciprocal, and freedom at school is also reciprocal, and if you don't listen to your parents at home, you will be supervised and lose your freedom. It's the same in school, if you don't listen to the teacher at school, the teacher manages and gets knowledge, the teacher doesn't care, you get freedom, but you also lose knowledge.

Free will in life is just a relative thing, the world has never given us absolute free will, only given us relative responsibilities and obligations, so each of us must cherish the existence of reality, cherish what we get, look at the existing reality problems with a reasonable mentality, and use a rational mentality to look at our previous objective existence, instead of complaining about the existence of reality, complaining about society, complaining about the unfairness in life. This kind of idealistic thinking is much more mature than rational and dogmatic restrictive measures.

The Chinese have not understood this since ancient times, and because the Chinese are influenced by traditional rational thinking, the Chinese are all righteous men and gentlemen who first talk about heavenly principles and then talk about human ethics. The Chinese have never placed humanity above heavenly reason, giving humanity the opportunity to freely extend to the space of its corresponding responsibilities. This was true in ancient times, and even more so in modern times, and modern Chinese are even less humane, and even afraid to mention the word "human", because when these two words are mentioned, they are associated with male thieves and female prostitutes.

Think about it, and do it.

The Chinese way of thinking is the way of thinking of "studying heaven and reason, understanding people's ethics", even to the point of "studying heaven and reason, destroying people's ethics". Fundamentally speaking, Chinese do not have an idealistic objective world, and are even afraid of the existence of objective thinking, but only use the arrangement of "heavenly reason" to anticipate impossible things.

The vast majority of Chinese are atheists, pure materialists who put matter (Tianli) first and thought (human ethics) second.

The reason is that Chinese traditional thinking is based on intuitive, reflective and subjective thinking, and there is no way of objective thinking in traditional Chinese culture Chinese. On the other hand, when you look at the world subjectively, when you look at the world with two eyes, what you see, you see the real material conditions, your brain will inevitably present a real reflection of reality, you will inevitably produce the intuitive thinking that matter is the first existence, and the thinking method of taking consciousness as the objective association will be put in the position of the second nature, and your world view will inevitably be the original intuitive world, which will be classified as materialism.

You will inevitably have the idea of "convincing people with reason" and "convincing people with reason", which is "primitive reason", which is only the initial stage of philosophy, and belongs to the norms of thought and morality, not the category of philosophy.

Speaking of which, everyone should know why Westerners say that there is no philosophy in China at all. Because traditional Chinese science has not departed from the cognitive interface of "primitive reason", but only looks at the problem from the natural law, and forms a lot of dogmatic concepts, and transmits these conceptual things from generation to generation, without liberating the mind from the intuitive world and rising to the objective world of objective idealism, so all the learning of the Chinese is the study of reason, and everything is done to "convince people with reason" and "look at problems from reason rather than to people".

Since the world view cannot be sublimated, values must naturally be the cognitive structure of "primitive rationality", and the primitive way of thinking is used to look at problems and deal with things.

Because objective thinking is only produced in the idealistic theory of three views, because if you look at the world from three points and look at problems from the standpoint of a third person, you are not a materialist, as long as you look at the problem from the standpoint of a third person, the thought you produce is an objective idealist standpoint, because you look at the problem from the standpoint of a third party, your thinking and consciousness are pre-emptive, you must look at the problems of a third party from your own consciousness, and the will must exist before things, you must be the spirit of idealism, which is the thinking interface of idealism. This is the truth of facts, which is not influenced by the concept of consciousness, so the theory of three views is the basis of idealism, and it is not owned by the science of traditional Chinese culture, that is to say, we are all pure materialists.

Because Chinese are influenced by traditional thinking and do not have enough understanding of the virtual world and the objective world, they will not value the idealistic world, but of course the real world, because Chinese are all routines of Confucian culture, and their minds are naturally full of rational ideas. Traditional Chinese science is a purely materialist knowledge structure, and in traditional Chinese science, "poor heavenly principles, enlightened people" are the core values of traditional Chinese science.

What is "Poor Heavenly Principles, Enlightened Humanity"? Where is Heavenly Principles? What is Human Ethics? Heavenly Principles are material conditions, while Human Ethics are consciousness and ways of thinking, and this constitutes all the constituent elements of rationalism, and it is naturally pure rationalism.

If we talk about returning to "rationality," it should also be the ideological pattern of "knowing the knowledge of human nature" of "doing what people want, and making reason tomorrow," elevating "human" thinking to the preposition of "rational" thinking, giving full expression to the proposition of human nature, restricting the "exhaustive" development of rationality, and finally forming a humanized society and realizing the harmonious unity of human nature and rationality.

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