Kong Mo was dissatisfied with the status quo and wanted to reform it, but the first step was to talk about moving the human master, and the guy who used to subdue the human master was "heaven" [2]. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 infoThe disciples of Confucius are Confucians, and the disciples of Mozi are chivalrous [3]. "Confucianism, softness" [4], of course, is not dangerous. Only the chivalrous is honest, so the last stream of the ink is to "die" [5] as the ultimate goal. Later, when the honest and honest gradually died, the chivalrous man who stopped clever, the hero of the Han, had already been gifted with the princes and magnates,[6] and used as a talisman in case of danger.

Sima Qian said: "Confucianism uses literature to disrupt the law, while chivalry uses martial arts to violate the ban" [7], and the sum of "chaos" and "crime" is by no means "rebellion", but just a little chaos, and the situation is as powerful as the "Five Marquis" [8].

The word "chivalry" gradually disappeared, and the robbers rose, but they were also chivalrous, and their banner was "for the heavens". What they oppose is traitors, not the Son of Heaven, and what they rob is civilians, not generals. When Li Kui robbed the Dharma Field[9], he picked up the board axe and cut it down, and it was the spectators who cut it. A "Water Margin" is very clear: because he did not oppose the Son of Heaven, as soon as the army arrived, he was recruited to fight other robbers for the country - the robbers who did not "walk for heaven" [10]. Finally a minion.

When Manchuria entered the customs, China was gradually subdued, and even people with "chivalrous" did not dare to steal again, did not dare to reprimand traitorous ministers, and did not dare to directly serve the Son of Heaven, so he and a good official or minister of the Imperial Mission, gave him a bodyguard, and arrested thieves for him, a "Shi Gong Case" [11], which is also very clear, and "Peng Gong Case" [12], "Seven Heroes and Five Righteousness" [13] and the like, have not been exhausted so far. They are innocent of origin, and there is no harm even in the past, although they are under the Qin Mission, they are above the common people, and although they must obey orders on the one hand, they are still able to be reckless on other sides, and the degree of security has increased, and the servility has also increased.

However, for thieves to be beaten by officers and soldiers, to catch thieves to be beaten by robbers, to be very safe knights, it is not appropriate, so there are hooligans. He came to beat monks when they drank, he came to catch men and women for adultery, and he came to humiliate them by prostituting and smuggling them, in order to maintain their morals; The countrymen did not understand the charter of the concession, so he came to bully him, in order to look down on ignorance; He came to ridicule women who cut their hair, and he came to hate social reformers, in order to love order. But behind him are traditional backers, and the opponents are not mighty strong enemies, so he runs rampant in the middle. In the current novels, this kind of typical book has not yet been written, but Zhang Qiugu in "The Nine-Tailed Turtle" [14] thinks that he gave prostitutes hardships because she wanted to knock people out of bamboo poles, so the description of punishment is about closer.

If the status quo continues to fall, it is likely that this stream of people will become the protagonists of literary and artistic books, and I am waiting for the recent works of the "revolutionary writer" Zhang Ziping [15] "Shi". BB

[1] This article was originally published in the first issue of Vol. 1 of Shanghai Sprout Monthly on January 1, 1930.

[2] "Heaven" refers to the so-called "Mandate of Heaven" and "Providence" in the works of Confucianism and Mo. Such as the Analects. Ji's": "A gentleman has three fears: fear of the mandate of heaven, fear of adults, and fear of the words of saints. "Mozi. Tianzhi": "Those who follow the will of heaven and love each other, benefit each other, and will be rewarded." Those who oppose the will of heaven do not be evil, but be thieves, and they will be punished. ”

[3] Mozi (c. 468-376 BC) was named Zhai, a native of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the founder of the Mohist school. His words and deeds were compiled into the book "Mozi" by his disciples and later students. Mozi's disciples are mostly martial. After his death, his school diverged, and the orthodox school represented by Song Yu and Xu Xing evolved into rangers in the Qin and Han dynasties.

[4] "Confucianism, Rouye" See Xu Shen's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi": "Confucian, Rouye, is called a warlock." ”

[5] "Death" refers to the popular so-called "his words must be believed, his deeds must be fruitful, his promises must be sincere, and he does not love his body" (see "Historical Records. The Legend of the Rangers"). These rangers are often supported by certain powerful people. "Those who are confidants die" is their moral concept. [6] The heroes of the Han Dynasty often colluded with the powerful, such as the Book of Han. According to the Legend of the Ranger, Chen Zun "lives in Chang'an, and the princes, close ministers, and nobles are all valuable." The shepherds and guards should be officials, and those who are heroes of the county and country go to the capital to teach, all of them go to Zunmen. ”

[7] "Confucianism uses literature to mess with the law, and chivalry uses martial arts to violate the ban" for the phrase "Han Feizi. Five beetles. Sima Qian's "Historical Records. This phrase is also quoted in the Biography of the Ranger.

[8] In the second year of Heping (27 BC), the five brothers of the "Five Marquis" Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty (Liu Biao) were named marquis on the same day, and they were called "Five Marquis" at that time. According to the Book of Han. According to the Legend of the Rangers, the "Five Marquis" raised many Confucian warriors, among which the Daxia Lou Hu (Junqing) was the most trusted and was the "Five Marquis Guests".

[9] Li Kui's robbery of the law field is seen in the 120th chapter of the "Water Margin". [10] "Water Margin", also known as "Water Margin", written by Shi Nai'an in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, is a novel with the theme of the peasant uprising led by Song Jiang in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the book, there is a plot in which Song Jiang was recruited by the imperial court and went to suppress Fang La and other peasant rebels. "Walking for the sky" is the banner that Song Jiang has always had.

[11] "Shi Gong Case", a Qing Dynasty public case novel, the author is unknown, a total of ninety-seven chapters. Wrote the story of Huang Tianba handling cases for him when Shi Shilun's official Jiang Duzhi County was the governor of irrigation and transportation during the Kangxi period, and it was printed in 1838.

[12] "Peng Gong's Case" is a Qing Dynasty public case novel, written by the greedy dream Taoist, a total of 100 times. Wrote the story of a group of chivalrous men in the Kangxi period who handled the case for Peng Peng of Sanhe Zhixian County, which was printed in 1891.

[13] "Seven Heroes and Five Righteousness", formerly known as "Three Heroes and Five Righteousness", a chivalrous novel of the Qing Dynasty, signed by Shi Yu Kunshu, compiled by the Taoist of the Lost Dao, a total of 120 times. Printed in 1879, later revised by Yu Yue, reprinted in 1889, renamed "Seven Heroes and Five Righteousness". The first half is mainly written about the story of Bao Zheng's trial, and the second half is mainly written about the activities of the knights.

[14] "Nine-Tailed Turtle" by Zhang Chunfan, a novel describing the life of a prostitute, published in 1910.

[15] Zhang Ziping, see "Two Hearts. Zhang Ziping's "Novelology" and its attention. (To be continued.) (To be continued.) )