Chapter 222: Ancient Civilization

"You kid is deliberately looking for my words." Dean Zhong couldn't help but hear that Qin Xuebing didn't believe it, but just purely ridiculed his old man.

"Your old man is an expert, the director of the Palace Museum, can't you convince me that I'm a hairy boy?" Qin Xuebing smiled, it is rare to have a good opportunity, of course, you have to learn more from the old-timers, otherwise you will lose a lot.

"Okay, then I'll convince you kid. Open the video and look at the murals, is there a lot of pottery stoves? Dean Zhong asked.

"Yes, but to me, some of them look like triangular basins, and some of them look like jars." Qin Xuebing really didn't dare to say that these were stoves, and they didn't have what a stove should look like at all.

"These are the early stoves, and they can be carried freely, flexible and convenient, and very advanced." Dean Zhong made a joke, then took a sip of water and continued his tirade.

Before humans learned to use fire, they ate their food raw, eating raw plants, animal meat, and fresh fish. After knowing the use of fire, cooked food is also limited, mainly roasted and grilled. Sometimes food is wrapped in soil and dried over a fire, a method known as cannon.

The Book of Rites? Zheng Xuan's note: "Paint creatures with soil, and eat them with cannons." "The use of slate to bake food was also an earlier invention.

The Book of Rites? Rite and Fortune Note: "In the Middle Ages, there was no kettle, and the rice was released to pick up the meat, and it was added to the burning stone and eaten by the ear. ”

"Ancient History": "Add things to the flint and eat it." "The cooking method came later than the roasting and roasting method.

Before the invention of pottery. The human cooking method already has stone cooking. That is, water and food are first filled with wooden or bark vessels, and some stones are burned red, and then the hot stones are thrown into the water to boil, so that the food is boiled. After humans learned how to make pottery, pottery became the main cooking tool, and cooking methods became widespread. Generally, sand pottery is used as cooking utensils, which is resistant to fire, not easy to break, and fast heat transfer.

Advances in agricultural technology. Grain processing and the production of cooked food utensils were promoted. In the era of the Yellow Emperor, on the basis of the already developed cooking habits, great improvements were made to cooking methods. In terms of food, according to ancient texts such as "Zhou Yi? "The Yellow Emperor...... Broken wood is a pestle. Digging the ground is a mortar, and the benefits of the mortar and pestle are beneficial to all the people. ”

"Seven Signatures of the Clouds? Xuanyuan Benji": "The emperor is the stove." ”

"Ancient History": "The Yellow Emperor began to steam the grain for rice, and cook the grain for porridge. The Yellow Emperor made a kettle. ”

He processed food raw materials, which is why he "broke wood into a pestle, and dug the ground into a mortar", and invented an important tool for grain processing. Regarding the invention of the pestle mortar, there are also differences in the literature.

"Shiben" said that "Yong's father is a pestle", and Song Zhen's note: "Yong's father, the Yellow Emperor's ministers." ”

Furthermore. There are two other sayings, one is "Lu's Spring and Autumn? Don't bow": "Chiji is a mortar", and the second is Huan Tan's "New Treatise" has "the benefits of Fuxi making a pestle and mortar". Who is the "Chiji", there is a lack of investigation data, and agriculture in the "Fuxi" era is still in the primitive stage, and the "pestle mortar" is probably too early. Duan Yuju's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" notes the cloud: "The Yellow Emperor's minister Yong's father made a pestle and mortar", obviously adopting the statement of "Shiben" and Song Zhen.

During the time of the Yellow Emperor, the development of agriculture caused major changes in the diet, and grain became the most important food. The Yellow Emperor invented the pestle and mortar, and had the technology of peeling and processing grain, which is the so-called "pestle".

"Saying": "Bang, pounding millet is also ...... Hold the pestle to ,...... The ancients Yong's father made the first move". "Shiben" is also known as "Yong's father", "The Yellow Emperor's Internal Biography": "The emperor beheaded Chi You." For it is made of pestle and mortar, and broken wood is used as a pestle, and the earth is dug for mortar, and it is strengthened with fire, so that the people may be poppy." The word "舂" in the oracle bone inscription is the shape of a person pounding rice with a pestle in both hands. In the Neolithic sites in China, the discovery of stone pestles is extremely common, such as Yangshao Village and Xi'an Banpo, all of which are found to have polished rings.

The Yellow Emperor invented a new type of stove. Before the Yellow Emperor, there were fixed fire pits, and when people cooked food, they usually placed cooking utensils in hot ashes or beside a campfire. The Yellow Emperor made a stove, which is based on the original fire pond, to make a pottery stove, which can move freely, and the firepower is relatively concentrated, which is convenient for setting up cooking utensils. The Yellow Emperor also invented the pottery retort. Retort is a device used to steam food from boiling water. It is precisely because the Yellow Emperor invented the pottery stove that he made better use of fire, which made the method of steaming food universal. It can be seen that the Yellow Emperor has indeed played a huge role in improving the way humans eat.

The pottery eating utensils of the Yellow Emperor era have many archaeological relics that can be proven. In 1981, a three-legged raspberry vessel with sand red pottery was excavated at the Yangshao cultural site in Qingtai, according to scholars' research, it is believed that this is a kind of utensils used for barbecue on the fire, and it is a cooking utensil for pancakes, and named "pottery".

This kind of pottery is more commonly distributed in the prehistoric archaeological culture of the Central Plains, and in terms of age, the Cishan site is the earliest, and it may also have originated here. Since then, it has gradually spread to other regions. Judging from the direction of the spread of raspberry-shaped pottery, it is basically consistent with the migration route and sphere of influence of the Yanhuang clan in historical materials. There are also clay pots, pottery tripods and other cooking utensils in the Central Plains. The clay pot was one of the main cooking utensils of the people at that time.

The fragments of this clay pot are the most common in the ruins, and it can be said that they can be found everywhere. In the tombs of Yangshao culture, two clay pots were unearthed, one with two complete chicken skeletons and one with two fish skeletons, indicating that the clay pot can cook meat, and naturally it can also be used to cook rice and make soup with wild vegetables.

A kind of pottery stove was found in the bottom ditch of the Yangshao cultural temple and other sites, the body of the vessel is about 12 centimeters high, there is a fire door in front, there are three short feet at the bottom, and there are three convex buttons under the mouth, and the cooking utensils can be placed on it. Similar pottery stoves have been found in Yangshao cultural sites such as Xishuipo and Xiapanwang.

In the early days of Longshan culture, the pottery stove of Yangshao culture was comprehensively transformed, the barrel-shaped stove found in Longshan has four relatively symmetrical round or oval stove eyes near the mouth, when it is the hole for ventilation and smoke exhaust, there is a stove door on the bottom side, the height of the stove is about 30 centimeters, and the caliber is about 20 centimeters. This kind of pottery stove lasted from the early stage of Longshan culture to its late period.

"These stoves are the best proof of this, of course, you can also say that this kind of stove was also used during the Yao Shun period, but the shape is still different. The stove on the mural is very consistent with the form of the archaeological relics. Dean Zhong stopped again and took a sip of water.

"You keep talking." Qin Xuebing looked at the video on his mobile phone and secretly sighed that archaeology still needs knowledgeable people to be competent. With his ability, Taobao can pick up leaks, but Taobao leaks and doing knowledge are two different things.

"You kid, can't you just let my old man take a breath?"

Dean Zhong lit a cigarette, took a deep breath, and then said, "But boy, I said so much, can you remember?" ”

"Don't worry, we young people have good memories." Qin Xuebing quipped.

"Fuck off, don't listen with your ears and just come out with your ears at the same time."

Dean Zhong scolded with a smile, and said, "If you look at the house in the mural again, do you have a feeling of brightness?" ”

"Not really." Qin Xuebing said truthfully that there are all architectural styles in Sijiu City, even retro ones, including the palace compound in Bauhinia City.

"That's right, it means that you're not unfamiliar with these buildings, and at least they don't give you a very abrupt feeling. That's because the Yellow Emperor invented this kind of dwelling, and its influence extends to the present day. Dean Zhong continued.

Dwellings are places where people rest, as well as places to defend against wild beasts, protect fires, and cook. The earliest dwelling of the ancient people was "cave dwelling in the wilderness" or "on the twilight branches". Natural caves and tree hollows in nature are their habitats. The ruins of Zhoukoudian and the Peak Cave are the witnesses of the early cave dwelling. In the south and southwest, cave dwelling habits persist for a long time due to the large number of natural caves. People first roost on the tree temporarily, and then "there is a nest" tree for the nest, and people "rely on the tree building blocks to live on it, and the name is 'Ganlan'".

Early humans could only make use of natural dwellings. With the enhancement of human capabilities, from the late Paleolithic period, human beings have built artificial dwellings. The oldest artificial dwelling is a slope-style wind hedge, which has developed into a "human" herringbone shack, with two rows of wooden stakes connecting the tops, covering the outside with bark or branches, and leaving doors in front and back. It can also be sealed at the back and left at the front. Since people did not settle in the first place and often changed their place of residence, artificial dwellings were simple.

When agriculture came into being and developed, people began to settle down, their dwellings became fixed, and the form of architecture changed greatly. Civil structure architecture is popular in the north. In the West? There is a kind of round house in Anbanpo and Lintong Jiangzhai, which is mostly built on flat ground, with a fire pond in the middle, and there are four to six pillars near it, and there are pillar holes all around the house. The area is 15-20 square meters. In addition, there are square houses, which are also about 20 square meters in size. In the south, dry-bar architecture is popular. Thousands of wooden components have been unearthed on the fourth layer of the Hemudu site, and the excavation reports say that there are at least three rows of buildings, generally with wooden piles driven at the bottom to form an overhead foundation, and the piles are horizontal logs, paved with wooden planks, and the human settlements are above. On it are columns, with large and small beams.

"Zhou Yi? "Department of resignation" said: "In ancient times, the cave dwelled in the wilderness, and the saints of later generations changed to the palace, the upper building and the lower space, in order to wait for the wind and rain." This passage is one of the nine things after "the Yellow Emperor Yao Shun hangs his clothes", so the "saints of later generations" here should refer to the words of the Yellow Emperor.

Scholars after the Han Dynasty have affirmed that the Yellow Emperor is the producer of the palace, Lu Jia's "New Language": "The people of the world, where the wild dwelling in the cave, do not have a room, then they are in the same domain as the beasts." So the Yellow Emperor cut down wood and built a palace, and the upper building and the lower hall were built to shelter from the wind and rain."

"White Tiger Tongyi": "The Yellow Emperor made the palace room, in order to avoid the cold and heat, the beginning of this palace room", and then the Jin Emperor Fu Mi's "Imperial Century", Luo Mi's "Road History", Hu Hong's "Emperor Daji", and Gao Cheng's "The Origin of Things" attributed the invention of the palace to the Yellow Emperor.

"Dean Zhong, let's stop first, according to you, there were houses and buildings before the Yellow Emperor's time, why did the Yellow Emperor invent the residence?" Qin Xuebing felt that this old man might be old, and his thinking was a little unclear.

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