Since then, the synthesis and refinement of various drugs have been continuously developed, so that medical drugs have entered the era of synthesis.

The invention of penicillin (penicillin) gave Western medicine the means of sterilization, so that Western medicine moved from empirical medicine to experimental science, and for the first time, the development of Western medicine was ahead of the development of Chinese medicine.

The formal war between Chinese medicine and Western medicine originated after the Opium War.

Since the world entered the modern era, Western civilization has dominated the development pattern, and Western medicine has begun to force Chinese medicine step by step, many Chinese scholars are not confident in traditional literature, and have begun to blindly worship Western medicine, while beginning to attack Chinese medicine as pseudoscience, and even shouting the slogan of abolishing Chinese medicine.

Thousands of years of medical precipitation, countless medical predecessors have summarized the achievements of the traditional Chinese medicine culture, and gradually decline in China!

In fact, although Chinese people regard traditional Chinese medicine as a disadvantage, foreign countries regard it as a treasure, such as South Korea grabbing culture, turning traditional Chinese medicine into Korean medicine, robbing medical skills in books, and registering a large number of Chinese medicine.

In later generations, TCM has spread to more than 160 countries and regions, which is unique in the world.

For example, Chinese medicine is called "Kampo medicine" in Japan, and Chinese medicine is called "Kampo medicine", or "Kampo medicine" for short.

When the Japanese don't understand how to buy medicine at the pharmacy, they ask the clerk what they don't feel comfortable with, and the clerk introduces which one to buy, and they have never heard of the difference between Western medicine and Chinese medicine.

Antibiotics are not available in many pharmacies, but many are Kudzu root decoction powders.

Traditional Chinese medicine is also very popular in Europe.

More than 60 per cent of Europeans use traditional medicines, and Europe accounts for 44.5 per cent of the world's herbal medicine market share.

For example, in Germany, which is the most rigorous, the cost of seeing a Chinese medicine practitioner is more than 10 times that of a Western doctor. Still flocking to it.

Among the more than 70,000 pharmacies in Germany, those with a German pharmacist license can handle traditional Chinese medicines.

The Australian government has a statistical result on the development of acupuncture and moxibustion, showing that 70% of doctors will recommend acupuncture physiotherapy to patients after treatment, and patients who go to acupuncture therapy for 12 consecutive months in a year, accounting for 10% of the total Australian population, almost all medical insurance institutions subsidize acupuncture and moxibustion treatment.

There are about twenty universities that offer TCM courses.

Among them, RMIT University, University of Technology Sydney, and Western Sydney University offer postgraduate courses.

It can be said that the situation of traditional Chinese medicine is that "the east is not bright and the west is bright".

Nurhachi's disease, even if Wei Bao himself is called, Wei Bao may not be able to save it.

The current medical level of Tiandihui is very low, Wei Bao pays attention to discovering and cultivating talents, protecting talents, and has made a lot of powerful Chinese medicine.

Various research schools for modern medicine have also been opened, but only penicillin has been developed, and it can sterilize a large number of bacteria.

In addition, it is the injection.

Wei Bao has knowledge of several injection methods, so Tiandihui has already mastered it.

The advantages of administration by injection are that the drug is absorbed more quickly, it is more complete, and the time for the drug to appear is shorter.

Sick rabbits that cannot be taken internally or drugs that cannot be absorbed by the intestine can be administered by injection.

Commonly used injection methods include subcutaneous injection

The injection site can be selected behind the root of the ear, medial thigh or both sides of the midline, disinfect the surgical part with 70% alcohol or 2% iodine tincture cotton ball, lift the skin with the three fingers of the left hand to make the skin triangular, and pierce the subcutaneous syringe with the right hand, and then let go of the left hand to inject the liquid medicine.

Intramuscular injection

The injection site should be selected at the inner thigh where the muscles are full, there are no large blood vessels and nerves, the needle should be pierced vertically after sterilization, the syringe piston should be withdrawn, and the drug solution should be injected slowly when there is no blood return.

This method can be used for oils, waters, suspensions, and slightly irritating drugs.

However, "914" and calcium chloride cannot be injected intramuscularly, otherwise ulceration or necrosis will occur.

Intravenous method

It is usually injected into a vein at the lower edge of the outer ear.

The injection site is disinfected with a 70% alcohol cotton ball, and the ear root is pressed with the finger immediately after the ear shell is flicked with the finger to make the blood vessel congested, and then the syringe needle is pierced in the ear vein, and the finger that is tightly pressed on the ear root is released, and the injection plug is withdrawn, and the liquid medicine can be slowly injected if there is blood return.

If there is a bulge near the injection site or if the injection does not go in or there is resistance, it indicates that the needle has not penetrated or left the vessel, and the injection should be re-injected.

After the injection, the needle is pulled out and the needle puncture hole is pressed tightly with a sterile cotton ball to avoid bleeding.

Intraperitoneal injection

The rabbit lies on its back in Baoding, raises the hindquarters tip, moves the abdominal intestinal tube forward, then lifts the abdominal wall, punctures the needle into the abdominal cavity after disinfection, withdraws the injection plug, checks whether it is pierced into the organ or blood vessel, and then fixes the needle for injection after accurately determining the insertion into the abdominal cavity.

Wei Bao's penicillin injection is for people who are seriously injured on the battlefield, and there is really no way to give a shot in the buttocks.

That's how a dead horse can be a live horse doctor.

And after continuous battles, the little penicillin on the small pharmacy on the Zhenyuan ship that Wei Bao brought has long been used up.

The current penicillin is cultivated by Wei Bao, and the efficacy is unstable, or it should be said that the quality is unstable.

Before the 40s of the 20th century, mankind has not been able to master a drug that can effectively treat bacterial infections with few side effects.

At that time, if someone had tuberculosis, it meant that the person would die soon.

In order to change this situation, researchers have been exploring for a long time, but the breakthrough in this area is due to an accidental discovery.

In modern times, in 1928, the British bacteriologist Fleming first discovered the world's first antibiotic - penicillin.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin by a lucky mistake.

In 1928, British scientists were the first to discover penicillin in experimental research, but because the technology was not advanced enough and the understanding was not deep enough, penicillin was not isolated separately.

In 1929, Fleming published his findings, which unfortunately have not been taken seriously by the scientific community since their publication.

When looking at the dish with a microscope, Fleming noticed that the staphylococcal colonies surrounding the mold had been dissolved.

This means that some kind of secretion of the mold inhibits staphylococcus.

Subsequent identification showed that the mold was Penicillium punctata, so Fleming called the bacteriostatic substance it secreted penicillin.

Unfortunately, Fleming was never able to find a way to extract high-purity penicillin, so he cultivated the Penicillium strain from generation to generation, and in 1939 gave the strains to the British pathologist Flory and biochemist Chin who were preparing to systematically study penicillin.

In 1938, the German chemist Ernst Chann saw Fleming's paper in a pile of old books and began to do purification experiments.

Florey and Chin redid the experiment with penicillin in 1940.

They injected eight mice with lethal doses of streptococcus, and then treated four of them with penicillin.

Within a few hours, only the four mice that had been treated with penicillin were still alive and healthy.

Since then, a series of clinical experiments have confirmed the efficacy of penicillin against streptococcus, diphtheria bacillus and other bacterial infections.

The reason why penicillin can not only kill germs but also do not damage human cells is that penicillin contains penicillin can hinder the synthesis of the cell wall of pathogens, resulting in the lysis and death of germs, while human and animal cells have no cell wall.

In the winter of 1940, Qian En refined a little penicillin, which was a major breakthrough, but it was still far from clinical application.

In 1941, the baton of penicillin purification passed to Australian pathologist Walter Flory. With the assistance of the U.S. military, Flory isolated the strains from the dirt brought back from airfields in various countries when the pilots went on missions, increasing the production of penicillin from 2 to 40 units per cubic centimeter.

Around 1941, Howard Flory, a pathologist at the University of Oxford, UK, and Qian En, a biochemist, realized the isolation and purification of penicillin, and discovered its efficacy against infectious diseases.

However, penicillin can cause allergic reactions in some people, so a skin test must be done before application. Most of the antibiotics used are extracted from microbial cultures, and some can be synthesized artificially. Because different classes of antibiotics have different chemical compositions, their mechanisms of action against microorganisms are also very different, some inhibit protein synthesis, some inhibit nucleic acid synthesis, and some inhibit cell wall synthesis.

After a period of intense experiments, Florey and Chann finally extracted the penicillin crystals by freeze-drying.

Later, Flory found a mold on a melon that could be used to extract penicillin in large quantities and prepared a corresponding culture from corn flour.

Driven by these research results, American pharmaceutical companies began mass production of penicillin in 1942.

By 1943, pharmaceutical companies had discovered ways to mass-produce penicillin.

At that time, Britain and the United States were at war with Germany.

This new drug is very effective in controlling wound infections.

In October 1943, Florey signed the first contract with the U.S. military to produce penicillin.

Penicillin was introduced at the end of World War II and quickly turned the tide of the war on the Allies.

After the war, penicillin was widely used, saving tens of millions of lives.

By 1944, the supply of medicine was sufficient to treat all Allied soldiers who fought during the Second World War.

For this great invention, in 1945, Fleming, Flory, and Chin were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "the discovery of penicillin and its clinical utility."

In 1945, British chemist Hodgkin used X-ray diffraction to determine the molecular structure of penicillin.

On September 5, 1944, China's first batch of domestic penicillin was born, unveiling the history of China's antibiotic production.

By the end of 2001, China's annual penicillin production accounted for 60% of the world's total annual penicillin output, ranking first in the world.

Penicillin is an important antibiotic with high efficiency, low toxicity and wide clinical application.

Its successful development has greatly enhanced the ability of humans to resist bacterial infections and led to the birth of the antibiotic family.

Its emergence ushered in a new era in the treatment of diseases with antibiotics. Through decades of improvement, penicillin injections and oral penicillin have been able to treat pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, diphtheria, anthrax and other diseases, respectively.

After penicillin, antibiotics such as streptomycin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, tetracycline and other antibiotics are continuously produced, enhancing the ability of humans to treat infectious diseases.

But at the same time, the resistance of some germs is gradually increasing.

To solve this problem, researchers are currently developing more potent antibiotics, exploring how to prevent pathogens from acquiring resistance genes, and developing antimicrobial drugs from plants.

Penicillin cannot tolerate drug-resistant strains, such as the enzymes produced by drug-resistant golden grapes, which are easily destroyed by it, and its antibacterial spectrum is narrow, mainly effective against gram-positive bacteria.

Penicillin is divided into potassium salt and sodium salt, and potassium salt can not be directly injected intravenously, and the amount of potassium ions should be carefully calculated during intravenous infusion, so as not to inject into the human body to form high blood potassium and inhibit heart function, resulting in death.

The toxicity of penicillin antibiotics is very small, because β-lactams act on the cell wall of bacteria, while humans only have cell membranes without cell walls, so they are less toxic to humans, in addition to causing severe allergic reactions, in general dosages, their toxicity is not obvious.

Intradermal testing must be done before using this product.

Penicillin allergy testing includes a skin test method, referred to as penicillin skin test, and an in vitro test method, in which intradermal injection is more accurate.

Skin testing itself is dangerous, with about 25% of patients who die from anaphylactic shock dying from skin testing.

Therefore, full rescue preparations should be made during skin test or injection administration.

When switching to a different lot of penicillin, a skin test should also be repeated.

The dry powder can be stored for many years without invalidation, but the injection solution and skin test solution are unstable, and it is better to prepare it freshly.

Moreover, for patients with self-renal excretion and poor renal function, the dose should be appropriately adjusted.

In addition, topical application has many opportunities for sensitization, and bacteria are prone to develop resistance, so it is not recommended.

Penicillin was used in clinical practice in the early 40s, and after a lot of research on penicillin, some penicillins were discovered, and when people chemically modified penicillin, some effective semi-synthetic penicillins were obtained.

In the 70s, some penicillins similar to penicillin and penicillin were found from microbial metabolites and also contain β-lactam rings, but do not have a tetrahydrothiazole ring structure, which can be divided into three generations: the first generation of penicillin refers to natural penicillins, such as penicillin G (benzylpenicillin); The second-generation penicillin refers to the semi-synthetic penicillin obtained by changing the side chain of the penicillin parent nucleus-6-aminopenicillaneic acid (6-APA), such as methoxybenzenicillin, carbenicillin, ampicillin; Third-generation penicillin is a parent nuclear structure with the same β-lactam ring as penicillin, but without a tetrahydrothiazole ring, such as thiomycin, nocarmycin.

Penicillin G: such as penicillin G potassium, penicillin G sodium, long-acting civicillin 'penicillin G, peillin G, penicillin, penicillin, penicillin sodium, benzylpenicillin sodium, penicillin potassium, benzylpenicillin potassium, etc.

Penicillin class V: (alias: phenoxymethylpenicillin, 6-phenoxyacetamide penicillic acid) such as penicillin V potassium, etc. (including a variety of dosage forms).

Enzyme-resistant penicillin: such as oxazole penicillin (Xinqing II), chlorazole penicillin, etc.

Ampicillin: such as ampicillin, amoxicillin, etc.

Antipseudomonas penicillin: such as carbenicillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, etc.

Mexicillin and its ester pimicillin: such as mecillin and its ester pimecillin, which are characterized by being more enzyme-resistant, are effective against certain negative bacilli (such as coli, Klebsiella, and Salmonella), but are less effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Methicillin: such as tamoxicillin, etc.

Natural penicillin is produced in a completely different way from semi-synthetic penicillin.

The production of natural penicillin and penicillin G can be divided into two steps: strain fermentation and extraction and refining.

The strain is fermented, and Penicillium chrysogenes are inoculated on a solid medium and cultured at 25°C for 7~10 days to obtain a spore culture of Penicillium.

The spores were inoculated into the sterilized medium in the seed tank with sterile water, sterile air was introduced, stirred, and incubated at 27 °C for 24~28h, and then the seed culture medium was inoculated into the sterilized medium containing phenylacetic acid precursor in the fermenter, sterile air was introduced, stirred, and incubated at 27 °C for 7 days.

During the fermentation process, phenylacetic acid precursors and appropriate amount of medium should be added.

Extraction and refining, the penicillin fermentation broth is cooled and filtered.

Under the condition of pH 2~2.5, the filtrate was extracted with butyl acetate in the extractor for multi-stage countercurrent extraction to obtain the butyl ester extract, which was transferred to the buffer of pH 7.0~7.2, and then transferred to the butyl ester, and the butyl ester extract was decolorized by activated carbon, added to the salt agent, and penicillin G potassium salt was obtained by azeotropic distillation.

Penicillin G sodium salt is prepared by passing penicillin G potassium salt through ion exchange resin (sodium type).

Semi-synthetic penicillin can be prepared by acylation reaction with a variety of chemically synthesized organic acids with 6APA as an intermediate.

6APA is obtained by cleaving penicillin G or V using penicillin acylase produced by microorganisms. The enzyme reaction is generally carried out under the conditions of 40~50 °C and pH 8~10; Enzymatic solid-phase technology has been applied to 6APA production, simplifying the lysis process.

6APA can also be chemically cleaved from penicillin G, but the cost is higher.

The introduction of the side chain system first makes the corresponding organic acid into acyl chloride with chlorinating agent, and then acylates it with 6APA in water or organic solvent according to the stability of acyl chloride in water or organic solvent.

The condensation reaction can also be performed directly in the lysate without the need to separate 6APA.

Penicillin concentration, a method that uses penicillin to specifically kill wild-type cells and preserve auxotrophic cells.

Penicillin inhibits the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, so it can only kill bacteria that are growing and multiplying, but not bacteria that have stopped dividing.

In a selective liquid medium that only grows the wild-type but not the mutant, the wild-type is killed by penicillin, while the mutant is not, thus eliminating the wild-type and allowing the mutant to concentrate.

It can be applied to bacteria and actinomycetes, and is one of the common methods for the screening of auxotrophic mutants.

Because of the low level of medical care, and Wei Bao himself has no medical knowledge, but only knows a little bit of principle, so the geniuses of the Heaven and Earth Society.

The main thing is Deng Erxian, the smokeless fire is made by Deng Erxian, the natural extraction method of penicillin, and Deng Erxian through Wei Bao's general description, and then according to the dosage of the ingredients on the pill box, a little bit of experimentation.

Penicillin is a first-class secret drug in the Heaven and Earth Society.

There will be no prescription left for the medicines of the Heaven and Earth Society, only the usage and dosage will be indicated.

Cong Gulen Gege was very angry when he saw that everyone was angry, and he couldn't say anything, so he couldn't interject at all.

Fortunately, although everyone scolded, no one did anything, after all, Cong Gulen Gege is just a delicate little girl, if she is replaced by a big man, she may be beaten.

"Cong Guren, I've always thought you're smart, why are you getting bigger and bigger, but you're getting stupider and stupider?" Dai Shan hated the iron and said to Cong Gulengege: "Do you think that heaven and earth will save Father Khan?" They wish that their father Khan would die sooner, and that my Dajin Kingdom would die sooner! ”

Everyone nodded in agreement with Dai Shan's words, and now the Jin people's hatred for the treasure army is far greater than the hatred of the Ming court and the Ming army!

How could it be believed that heaven and earth would be able to save Nurhachi.

"Brother, I talked to Wei Bao about this question, do you want to hear what Wei Bao said?" Cong Gulen Ge Dao.

"I don't want to hear it! Wei Bao's little barbarian is very bad, who doesn't know, can you believe what the little barbarian said? Dai Shan angrily interrupted Cong Guren's words.

"If you don't want to hear me, you have to say, whether it makes sense or not, you can judge for yourself." Cong Gulenge said: "Wei Bao wants my Dajin Kingdom to submit to the Heaven and Earth Society like North Korea and become a region under the rule of the Heaven and Earth Society, this is for sure. ”

Cong Gulen Gege's words were only half spoken, and the generals of Jiannu, including several Han strategists, all scolded Wei Bao for his wishful thinking.

In fact, they knew that the Heaven and Earth Society must have this idea, and the Heaven and Earth Society and Wei Bao might not want to kill them all. The two families did not have that much hatred.

Cong Gulen Gege was not annoyed, and waited for them to lose their temper before he continued: "Wei Bao knows that there will be nothing to do with us for a while, he thinks that it is not difficult to defeat Shenyang City, but it is difficult to slaughter our Jinren." ”

Before Cong Gulenge finished speaking, it naturally attracted a group of Jiannu generals to scold angrily, and they were full of righteous indignation, eager to go out of the city now to find another decisive battle with the treasure army.

There is no way to think that there is something wrong with the way he speaks. Is it in the wrong order of speech?

But after thinking about it, I felt that I could only say it in this order, because Wei Bao said this to himself in the first place.

Cong Gulen Gege finally waited for this group of people to scold enough, and then continued: "Wei Bao also knows that this is difficult, if it really hits that point, it will take at least five or six years to wipe out all of us, and during this time, we will definitely be able to disturb them and not be able to produce." Wei Bao said that he wanted land and population, not to be an emperor, he couldn't bear to see the common people suffer, including us Jinren, and he also wanted us to live a prosperous and stable life. That's why Wei Bao will repeatedly want to negotiate peace with us! Otherwise, the strength of the treasure army would have been above us long ago. Why don't you take the initiative to attack Shenyang City? Even this time, Wei Bao only sent cavalry to follow, and the new cavalry was withdrawn from the 1,000 cavalry, and Wei Bao had no intention of increasing his troops. ”

"He's a fart in Wei Bao! How could he be so kind! Cong Guren, you are still young, you are too easy to deceive! "This time, Huang Taiji couldn't help but get angry.

Huang Taiji didn't say that he hoped that Nurhachi would die, but Huang Taiji definitely didn't want the Bao army to cure his father Khan, in that case, Huang Taiji knew that the Bao army would suddenly change from an enemy to a favor to the Great Golden State!