"Chaos into the fifth general, the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty Confucianism Gu Yanwu, Confucianism 90+"

Gu Yanwu's real name is Jiang, the words are Zhongqing, Ningren, after the defeat of the southern capital, because of his admiration for Wen Tianxiang's student Wang Yanwu, he changed his name to Yanwu. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 infoBecause there is Tinglin Lake next to the former residence, scholars are respected as Mr. Tinglin. The outstanding thinkers, economists, historians and phonographers of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, together with Huang Zongxi and Wang Fuzhi, were called the "three great Confucians" in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

He traveled all his life, traveled thousands of miles, read thousands of books, created a new method of learning, and became a generation of grandmasters in the early Qing Dynasty, known as the "founding ancestor" of Qing studies. Gu Yanwu is very knowledgeable, and has studied the national system, the history of the county, the astronomical instruments, the river Cao, the soldiers and peasants, the hundred schools of scripture and history, and the study of phonological exegesis. In his later years, he re-examined the scriptures and opened up the Qing Dynasty's simple learning atmosphere. Its learning is based on erudition in literature, and it is mainly shameful to do it, and it is one of learning and practice, learning and the world. The poem is sad and sentimental.

Gu Yanwu is known as the "founding Confucian teacher" of the Qing Dynasty and the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, and is a famous economist, historian and phonologist. He is very knowledgeable, and has deep attainments in classics, history, phonology, primary school, archaeology of gold and stone, Fang Zhiyudi, and poetry and literature, and has made great achievements in inheriting the past and opening up the future, becoming an outstanding master who opened a generation of academic pioneers. He inherited the anti-rational trend of scholars in the Ming Dynasty, and not only liquidated Lu Wang's Xinxue, but also showed a very different interest in learning from Cheng Zhu's science in many categories, such as sex and heavenly dao, rational qi, Taoist instruments, knowledge and action, and heavenly reason and human desire.

Gu Yanwu's distinctive interest in learning from the world, his simple and inductive research methods, his spirit of exploration to create paths, and his achievements in many academic fields put an end to the empty and sparse style of study in the late Ming Dynasty, opened the way for a generation of simple and simple style of study, and gave a very beneficial influence to Qing Dynasty scholars.

Gu Yanwu also advocated "benefiting the country and enriching the people", and believed that "those who are good for the country should hide it from the people". He boldly doubted the power of the monarchy and put forward the idea of "rule by the many" with the colors of the early democratic Enlightenment. He advocated applying it to the world, opposing empty talk, paying attention to seeking evidence, and proposing that "a gentleman is a learner, a clear way, and a salvation." It's just poetry, the so-called carving insect seal, what's the benefit? ”

Historian Qian Mu said that it is practical rather than empty talk, "can give full play to its advantages and disadvantages at all ends of political affairs, and can be described as a study of both internal saints and external kings." Gu Yanwu emphasized that to do learning, we must first establish a personality: "Courtesy, righteousness, honesty and shame are the four dimensions." The slogan he put forward, "The rise and fall of the world, the husband is responsible", has far-reaching significance and influence.

Gu Yanwu, Huang Zongxi, Wang Fuzhi, etc., Bao Hong has also heard a little, but he is only limited to hearing his name.

"The sixth military general, a thinker and military strategist in the Ming Dynasty, Mr. Yangming Wang Shouren, a master of mental learning, Confucianism 95+"

Wang Shouren's word Bo'an, alias Yangming, because he once built a room in Yangmingdong in Huiji Mountain, called himself Yangmingzi, scholars call him Mr. Yangming, also known as Wang Yangming.

A famous thinker, writer, philosopher and military strategist in the Ming Dynasty, he was the master of Lu Wang's mind and was proficient in Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. In the twelfth year of Hongzhi, he successively served as the director of the Criminal Department, Guizhou Longchang Yicheng, Luling Zhixian, the right Yushi, the governor of Nanjiang, the governor of Liangguang, etc., and in his later years, he went to the Nanjing Military Department Shangshu and the Imperial History of the Left Capital of the Imperial Palace. Because of the military exploits of pacifying the Chenhao Rebellion, he was awarded the title of Xinjian Bo, and was posthumously awarded the Xinjian Marquis during the Longqing period. Zhen Wencheng, so later generations are also called Wang Wencheng.

Wang Shouren (the master of the study of mind) and Confucius (the founder of Confucianism), Mencius (the master of Confucianism), and Zhu Xi (the master of science) are called Confucius, Meng, Zhu, and Wang.

Wang Shouren's doctrine and thought Wang Xue was the most influential philosophical thought in the Ming Dynasty. His academic ideas have spread to China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula and Southeast Asia, and his achievements have surpassed those of the Ming generation. The disciples are extremely numerous, and the world is known as the Yaojiang School.

Mr. Yang Ming's life is a life of fighting, but also a brilliant life, a successful military strategist, a successful politician, and a successful philosopher.

In the final analysis, he is practicing his own theories.

In the third year of Zhengde of Ming Wuzong, Wang Shouren gave a lecture at Guiyang Civilization Academy and put forward the theory of "unity of knowledge and action" for the first time. The so-called "unity of knowledge and action" is not the relationship between general understanding and practice. "Knowledge" mainly refers to people's moral consciousness and ideological ideas. "Action" mainly refers to people's moral practice and practical actions. Therefore, the relationship between knowledge and action, that is, the relationship between moral consciousness and moral practice, also includes the relationship between some thoughts and practical actions.

The unity of knowledge and action: It is a proposition of epistemology and practice in ancient Chinese philosophy, mainly about moral cultivation and moral practice. The concept of "unity of knowledge and action" believes that we should not only know ("know"), but especially practice ("action"), and that understanding the truth of things and practicing them are inseparable things. Only by unifying "knowledge" and "action" can we be called "good".

Wang Shouren's idea of "unity of knowledge and action" includes the following two meanings.

One is that there is action in knowledge, and there is knowledge in action. Wang Shouren believes that knowledge and action are the same thing and cannot be divided into "two parts". He said: "Zhixing is originally two words, one work." From the perspective of moral education, he vigorously opposes the disconnection between knowledge and action in moral education and the prominent attribution of all morality to the conscious action of the individual, which is of positive significance. Because from the perspective of moral education, moral consciousness is inseparable from moral behavior, and moral behavior is inseparable from moral consciousness. The two are inseparable from each other. Knowledge must be manifested as action, and failure cannot be regarded as true knowledge. Moral knowledge and moral consciousness must be manifested in moral behavior, and if we do not act, we cannot be regarded as true knowledge. Wang Shouren thinks: conscience. There is nothing to do, and the conscious action is also knowing. There is undoubtedly something profound about this.

The second is to take knowledge as action, and knowledge determines action. Wang Shouren said: "Knowledge is the idea of action, and action is the work of knowledge; Knowledge is the beginning of action, and action is the completion of knowledge". What he means is that morality is the guiding ideology of behavior, and acting in accordance with the requirements of morality is the work of achieving "conscience". The activity of the mind generated under the guidance of ethics is the beginning of behavior, and the behavior that meets the requirements of moral norms is the completion of "conscience".

Wang Shouren's theory of "unity of knowledge and action" is mainly aimed at Cheng Zhu Lixue. Because Cheng Zhu Lixue advocates "knowing first and then doing", he divides knowledge and action into two parts, believing that he must "know" before he can "act". Wang Shouren advocated the unity of knowledge and action, precisely to correct the deviation of Cheng Zhu Lixue.

The reason why the 'study of the heart' can be derived under the dogma of science is not only the result of his experience in studying in the north and south, the ups and downs of the sea, and the meditation of the heart, but also the result of the morale of the Ming Dynasty.

Ming Taizu punished the disadvantages of leniency in the Yuan Dynasty, ruled the world with heavy regulations, and established a set of extreme monarchical political system, which also caused a generation of severe political situation. Interestingly, Ming Taizu himself is often arrogant, and likes to argue with scholars about the merits, once he loses, he will gladly admit his mistakes, or add up the court staff. This style can also be found in other monarchs of the Ming Dynasty such as Chengzu, Renzong, Xuanzong, Xianzong, Wuzong, and even Shizong and Shenzong. In this way, a kind of atmosphere of daring to speak and act and wanting to talk about the short and long of the people has gradually developed among the scholars. Throughout the Ming Dynasty, it is rare in Chinese history to arbitrarily kill and insult scholars for the monarch, but the integrity of scholars is also rare in previous dynasties. After Tianshun and Chenghua, with the activity of the commodity economy, the extreme monarchical **** system established in the early Ming Dynasty gradually relaxed, the citizen class and citizen consciousness re-emerged, the traditional concept of etiquette and religion was also strongly impacted, and the wind of lectures and arguments among scholars and doctors became more and more popular, and people felt the atmosphere of freedom and relaxation after being imprisoned by the mind for a long time. By the time of Wang Shouren, a group of scholars and artists who were full of innovative spirit and pursued individual freedom appeared. Yang Shen used his poems, essays, and songs, and Tang Yin, Zhu Yunming, and Wen Zhengming announced the arrival of a new era to the people of the time with their books and paintings. It was in this atmosphere that Wang Shouren's unique personality was formed, and he launched an attack on the dogmatic rule of Cheng Zhu Lixue in the field of philosophy, thus exerting a significant influence on the emancipation of the mind in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.

"Wang Shouren, I know, not to mention academic issues, the pure military level is very hanging!" Bao Hong smiled, "Rare perverted all-round, the best of the best!" ”

"The first military general in the former dynasty, one of the four masters of the Han Fu, Yang Xiong Yang Ziyun of the Western Han Dynasty, Confucianism 96."

Yangxiong is a native of Chengdu, Shu County, Western Han Dynasty. Less studious, stuttering, well-read, and good at resignation. More than 40 years old, he began to travel to Chang'an, Beijing, and was called by the text, playing "Ganquan" and "Hedong". Emperor Cheng was appointed to Huang Menlang. Wang Mang was a doctor at the time, and the school book was Tianlu Pavilion. Yang Xiong was the most famous writer in the Western Han Dynasty after Sima Xiangru. The so-called "Xie Ma came alone to find the story, and the article was ashamed of Yang Xiong".

In Liu Yuxi's famous "Burrow Ming", the Xishu Ziyun of the "Xishu Ziyun Pavilion" is Yangxiong. Yang Xiong once wrote "Taixuan" and so on, taking the Xuan originating from the Tao of Lao Tzu as the highest category, and taking Xuan as the central idea when constructing the universe generation schema and exploring the law of the development of things, which is the inheritance and development of Taoist thought in the Han Dynasty, which is of great significance to later generations.

In his early years, Yang Xiong greatly admired Sima Xiangru, and once imitated Sima Xiangru's "Zixu Fu" and "Shanglin Fu", and wrote "Ganquan Fu", "Feather Hunting Fu" and "Changyang Fu", whitewashing the peace and singing praises for the Han Dynasty, which was already on the eve of collapse. Therefore, later generations have the name of "Yangma". In his later years, Yang Xiong had a new understanding of Fu, and in "Fa Yan Wuzi", he believed that making Fu was "a boy carving insect seal", and "a strong man does not do it"; and thinks that his early years of Fu are the same as Sima Xiangru's Fu, which are both ironic and realistic.

In terms of the inheritance and promotion of Confucianism, Yang Xiong criticized theology and scriptures, in order to restore the orthodox Confucianism of Confucius. In Yangxiong's view, Confucius is the greatest sage, and Kongqiu's classics are the most important classics.

He said, "Those who give up their boats and sail to help the blasphemous are the end." Those who give up the five classics and help the Tao, at the end, also said: The strange of the mountain cannot be overcome; To the wall, you can't win. Said: Evil comes in, Said: Kong's. Kong's people, Hu also. Therefore, good books do not want Zhu Zhongni, and bookstores also; It's good to say but don't want Zhu Zhongni, say Ling, the way of Zhongni is still blasphemy, run China, and finally enter the sea; Those who are the way of others, the Northwest and the Northwest, are also in the Gang Ji Yi Raccoon Dog, or in Tuo, or in the Han Dynasty.

However, Yang Xiong believes that since the death of Confucius, the development and spread of Confucius's holy path has been hindered by the interference of "road blockers". In ancient times, there was Yang Mo Sailu, when Mencius resigned and dismissed it, and it was like that. The latter blockers have a way, stealing from Mencius. The "latter blocker" here refers to the hypocrisy and absurdity of the Han Dynasty's desire and hatred and hypocrisy, sheep's quality and five tiger skins, and the hypocrisy of learning for profit. Therefore, Yang Xiong wanted to sweep away the blockages like Mencius, and open the way for the healthy development of Confucian Confucianism in the Han Dynasty.

This idea also has its two sides, from a positive point of view, it is true that many people have not been able to fully understand Confucius's Confucianism, distorted understanding, so there are many sour Confucianism, rotten Confucianism, and dog Confucianism, so it is undoubtedly correct to return to the theme and re-understand Confucius's Confucianism and Taoism.

As I have said before, those great Confucianisms that are preached by people, whether they are famous or infamous, are like Dong Zhongshu's deposition of the Hundred Schools and Zhu Xi's Three Principles and Five Constants, in essence, when people establish doctrines, they are indeed fighting for the interests of the people. But when it comes to those in power, it is constantly distorted.

Therefore, it is very important to interpret the original Confucianism.

But from another point of view, the so-called belief in books is better than no book, thinking that blindly following Confucius's thoughts, not knowing the passage of time, advancing with the times, then it is a matter of time before it is eliminated. Such a view is undoubtedly contrary to what I have just said.

From a dialectical point of view, everything has two sides, and we cannot be extremely paranoid about one aspect, and we must find a balance between them in order to make better use of them.

Here it is a matter of inheritance and development, and everyone will say that it is nothing more than taking the essence and removing the dross.

However, because of the different perspectives such as positions and concepts, the essence and dross seen in the eyes may also be completely different, and it is still necessary to do it after all.

Of course, having said that, at this stage, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and then the Qin and Han dynasties are only a few hundred years, it can be said that the family of Zhuzi is still in the stage of inheriting family learning, especially the papermaking technology can not be popularized, and a book is a thousand gold, and it cannot reach the stage of annotating the Six Classics at all.

On the other hand, most of the resurrected figures of the previous dynasties did not have the so-called pure Confucianism in later generations, and were still in the development stage of Confucianism annexing the merits of each school.

As for the specific situation, Bao Hong is naturally completely confused, he must be able to figure out the development history of Confucianism for 2,000 years!

However, Bao Hong at least knows that Yang Xiong, a great Confucian, has a great popularity base directly, and it is very convenient to release knowledge. (To be continued.) )