"The second military general in the former dynasty, Zhang Heng, an astronomer, scientist and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Confucianism 90. Pen ~ Fun ~ Pavilion www.biquge.info"

"Your sister, Zhang Heng, a great scientist, are you positioning Confucianism? Are you kidding me? Bao Hong said angrily.

The great astronomers of the Eastern Han Dynasty made indelible contributions to the development of Chinese astronomy, mechanical technology, and seismology. In mathematics, geography, painting, and literature, Zhang Heng also showed extraordinary talent and extensive knowledge. Zhang Heng, one of the representatives of the armillary theory in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, pointed out that the moon itself does not emit light, and the moonlight is actually a reflection of sunlight, and he also correctly explained the cause of the lunar eclipse. Zhang Heng received many honors and was considered a generalist by some scholars.

If you want to talk about Zhang Heng, the first thing you must naturally say is scientific invention, and other history, calendars, literature, and the like have to stand aside.

Zhang Heng invented the earliest geodynamic instrument during his tenure as Taishi Ling, called the Houfeng geokinetic instrument. According to the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty, the Biography of Zhang Heng" records: the geodynamic instrument is cast with fine copper, with a circular diameter of eight feet, the top cover is protruding, the shape is like a wine bottle, and it is decorated with the image of turtles, birds and beasts in the Seal Wen Mountain. There are big pillars, and there are eight roads to close, and the machine is closed. It has eight directions, each with a dragon with a copper bead in its mouth, and a toad corresponding to each dragon. If an earthquake occurs on either side, the copper beads contained in the dragon's mouth in that direction will fall into the mouth of the toad, so that the direction of the earthquake can be measured. It has been tested and conformed to what was designed, as God, as it has not been written in books. A few days later, the messenger came, and sure enough, there was an earthquake in Longxi, and everyone was convinced. Since then, the imperial court has ordered historians to record the place where the earth movement took place.

A leaky armillary sphere is a water-borne turbidity. With a copper ball with a diameter of more than four feet, the ball is engraved with the 28 Nakshatras, the Chinese and foreign stars, the yellow equator, the north and south poles, the 24 solar terms, the constant display circle, the constant hidden circle, etc., into a muddy image, and then use a set of rotating machinery to combine the muddy image with the leaky pot. The turbulent image is controlled by leaky water and rotated synchronously with the celestial sphere to show the sun's apparent movement of the starry sky, such as the appearance of stars and the mid-heaven. It also has an appendage, the Ruilun Underworld, which is a mechanical calendar, connected by a transmission and an elephant, which produces one leaf per day from the beginning of the month; After a month and a half, one leaf falls every day. The two-stage slotter used is the earliest known record of a two-stage slotter.

Ruilun pod is an automatic calendar created by Zhang Heng ingenuity, which imitates the characteristics of the strange tree pod in mythology, relying on the action of running water, from the beginning of the month, a leaf appears a day, to the full moon of 15 pieces, and then another piece is put away every day, until the end of the month, the cycle opens and closes. This myth tortuously reflects the progress of the astronomical calendar during the time of Emperor Yao. Zhang Heng's mechanism was invented under the inspiration of this myth. It is said that "with the waxing and waning of the moon, it opens and falls according to the calendar", and its function is equivalent to the date display in today's clocks.

The guide car manufactured by Zhang Heng uses mechanical principles and the transmission of gears, and consists of a two-wheeled unicycle car. The trunk uses a gear system that can be automatically clutched, and a woodcut fairy is placed on the upper layer of the trunk shell, and no matter which direction the car turns, the wooden man's outstretched arm points south.

The Jili drum car created by Zhang Heng is a machine used to calculate mileage. According to the "Ancient and Modern Notes", it is recorded: "The car is recorded in the car, the car is two floors, there are wooden people, the lower layer of the line is drummed for one mile, and the upper layer of the line is beaten for ten miles." The Jili drum car is made in the same way as the guide car, and the differential gear principle used is more than 1,800 years earlier than in the West.

Zhang Heng made a solo flying wood carving, which is a gliding wing design that imitates birds soaring high in the sky.

Zhang Heng once participated in a calendar discussion in the second year of Emperor Yanguang of the Han Dynasty, and according to the records of the Later Han Dynasty Book and Legal Calendar, Zhang Heng was Shang Shulang at that time. The reason for this great discussion was that some people, starting from superstitious concepts such as diagrams and disasters, criticized the more scientific "Four Minutes Calendar" of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was in use at that time, and proposed that the "Jiayin Yuan Calendar" should be used instead. Some people start from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "expanding the territory and enjoying the country for a long time", and think that they should go back and adopt the "Taichu Calendar". Zhang Heng and Zhou Xing, another scholar, refuted and criticized the above two opinions, leaving the proponents of these two erroneous opinions either speechless or answering incorrectly, thus contributing to the prevention of the retrogression of the calendar. During the discussion, Zhang Heng and Zhou Xing also studied the astronomical observation records for many years, compared them with the theoretical calculations of various calendars, and put forward an appraisal, believing that the "Nine Dao Method" is the most precise and recommended to adopt it. Indeed, the length of the return year and the length of the synodic month in the Nine Paths are more precise than those in the Taichu Calendar and the Eastern Han Dynasty's Quadrangular Calendar.

The ghost of legislation is just that astronomy in itself, and to put it bluntly, it is Zhang Heng's scientific research major, which is not a professional development.

The key is not the level of professionalism, but the Confucianism.

Zhang Heng has made great contributions to the history of the development of Han Fu, and in his career as a Fu, he has more comprehensively inherited the Fu's heart and expression techniques of the previous generation. Dafu is far away from Sima Xiangru "Zixu", and near Ban Gu's "Liangdu" and "Erjing Fu"; Sao Fu chased Qu Yuan's "Lisao" and followed Ban Gu's "Youtong" as "Si Xuan Fu"; The Seven Bodies are taken by "Seven Hairs" and Fu Yi's "Seven Radicals" as "Seven Debates"; Wen Fu is based on Dongfang Shuo's "Difficult to Answer Guests" and Ban Gu's "Answering Guest Play" as "Ying Jian". Others include "Nandu Fu", which was inspired by Yangxiong's "Shu Du Fu"; Following Fu Yi's "Dance Fu" and then making "Dance Fu" and so on. Although the above examples are all simulations, and the achievements are high and low, they do show artistic creativity to varying degrees. What's more prominent is that Zhang Heng can integrate and integrate and creatively use "Returning to the Field" to realize the transformation of the main body of the Han Fu from the paving and collection of texts, the huge extravagance, and the heavy body and drowning the sentiment, to the fresh and refreshing, short and concise, and situational symbiosis, and opened up the creative era of lyrical Xiaofu, injecting great vitality into the narrative Fu. Most of Zhang Heng's works show a denial and criticism of reality, he explores the mystical philosophy of life, and also explores the living space that is in line with his own ideals and character. Zhang Hengfu's masterpieces have always been recognized as "Erjing Fu", "Sixuan Fu" and "Returning to the Field".

"Wenxin Carving Dragon" said that "Zhang Heng is gentle, Cai Yong is elegant, literary and historical courteous, and they look at each other from a lifetime." Yes, the bamboo and cypress are different and chaste, and the gold and jade are all treasures. ”

Zhang Heng once wrote "Zhou Guan's Exegesis", and Cui Ying thought that there was no difference between the explanations of other Confucian scholars. He also wanted to follow Confucius's "Yi" to correct the defects of "Yi" and "Xiang", but he never completed it. He wrote 32 poems, fu, inscriptions, seven words, as well as "Lingxian", "Yingjian", "Seven Arguments", "Tour", "Hanging Map" and other works.

Since the founding of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Confucian scholars have competed for the study of Tuwei, and they have been attached to the fallacy. Zhang Heng believes that Tuwei is false and not the law of a saint. Therefore, Shangshu thought that "the national prophecy is vain, not the law of saints." And thinks that "this is all deceitful and unconventional...... It is advisable to collect national oracles. A forbidden. "Known as Zhang Heng" is a thinker who reverses Weiwei. “

Throughout his life, Zhang Heng studied hard, studied hard, was not tired and complacent, and kept improving. In both areas of knowledge, his attainments were broad and profound; There are his excellent works in literature and art, his comprehensive research in astronomical calendars, his special skills in mechanical manufacturing, and in academic thought, he has persisted in the struggle against prophecy, and in political practice, he has also had active and progressive activities; Especially in the natural sciences, he made unprecedented inventions such as the armillary sphere and the geodynamic sphere.

When Bao Hong heard this, he was also speechless, he was so almighty pervert, he was going against the sky.

"The former dynasty entered the third general, and the Western Han Dynasty was similar to Sima Xiang. Confucianism 96. ”

He is an outstanding representative of Chinese cultural history and literary history. There are obvious Taoist ideas and fairy colors.

Emperor Jing was a regular attendant of martial cavalry, and was exempted due to illness. Gong Cifu, whose representative work is "Zi Xuan Fu". The richness of the words and the grand structure of his works make him a representative writer of Han Fu, and later generations call him Fusheng and "Cizong". His love story with Zhuo Wenjun is also widely circulated. Lu Xun's "Outline of the History of Chinese Literature" also put the two in a special section to comment, pointing out: "When Emperor Wu was a literati, he was similar to Sima Ruo, and Mo Ruo Sima Qian."

The most important literary style of the Han Dynasty was Fu, and Sima Xiangru is recognized as a representative writer and master of Fu theory in the Han Dynasty, as well as a master of literature and aesthetics. Sima Xiangru's literary achievements are mainly manifested in resignation. "Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles" recorded "Sima Xiangru Fu 29 Articles", and there are 6 existing "Zixu Fu", "Tianzi Safari Fu", "Adult Fu", "Changmen Fu", "Beauty Fu", "Mourning Qin II Fu", and "Pear Fu", "Yufu Fu" and "Zishan Fu" 3 articles only survive.

Sima Xiangru also mastered the aesthetic laws of the creation of the cifu, and through his own practice of the creation of the cifu and the discussion of the creation of the cifu, he has made a lot of explorations on the aesthetic creation and expression process of the creation of the cifu. He has put forward his own rhetorical creation proposition in a relatively complete way. From the field of modern aesthetics, it is beneficial and necessary to interpret the aesthetic ideas of rhetoric. Due to the profound influence of Taoist thought, Sima Xiangru's rhetoric presented a colorful artistic style, thus gaining an enduring artistic charm. Among the two Han Fu writers, Sima Xiangru has the highest achievement, and his great fu has even become a paradigm for the creation of Han Dafu, so the study of the characteristics of Sima Xiangru's cifu creation is of far-reaching significance to the study of Han Fu and even the entire Han Dynasty literature.

Sima Xiangru is an outstanding representative of Chinese cultural history and literary history, a writer and an outstanding politician during the prosperous period of the Western Han Dynasty and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He was called "Cizong" by Ban Gu and Liu Xian, and "Fusheng" by scholars such as Lin Wenxuan, Wang Yinglin, and Wang Shizhen. At the same time, Sima Xiangru sent an envoy to the Southwest Yi to unite the Southwest Yi ethnic group in the territory of the Han Dynasty, and was called the "Anbian Hero", which went down in history. Sima Xiangru and Zhuo Wenjun did not abide by the shackles of feudal etiquette and religion, and pursued the bold behavior of free and happy love marriage, and performed the love classic of free love as far away as BC, and was known as "the first of the world's top ten classic loves", famous at home and abroad. Later generations based on the love story of the two of them, composed the qin song "Phoenix Seeking Phoenix" that has been passed down to this day.

However, it is said that Sima Xiangru seems to have a bit of a problem with this guy's temperament.

Sima Xiangru's "Zixu Fu" was appreciated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and was named Lang (the emperor's attendant officer). Soon, he planned to take the Maoling woman as a concubine and was indifferent to Zhuo Wenjun. So Zhuo Wenjun wrote the poem "Baitou Yin" to be similar.

The days of sharing hardships and deep feelings have long been forgotten at this moment. Where do you remember that thousands of miles away there is a wife who thinks about her husband day and night. Finally, one day, Sima Xiangru sent a thirteen-character letter to his wife: "12345678900000000". After reading it, the smart Zhuo Wenjun burst into tears. There is only one "100 million" missing from the line of numbers, and there is no memory, isn't it that the husband is implying that he has no memories of the past. Her heart is as cold as water. With a very sad mood, I replied with a "Grudge Poem". The content of "Resentment Poem" is: After a farewell, the two places are lovesick. It is only said that it is March and April, and who knows five or six years. The lyre is played without intention, the eight-line book is not transmitted, the nine-song chain is broken from it, and the ten-mile long pavilion wants to wear it. Hundreds of thoughts, thousands of thoughts, all kinds of helplessness to resent. Thousands of words are endless, and boring depends on the column. Chongjiu ascends to see the lonely goose, and the moon is full in mid-autumn in August. In the middle of July, I burned incense with candles and asked the sky. In June, everyone shook my fan, and I was cold. In May, the pomegranate is like a fiery red, and it is watered by gusts of cold rain. In April, the loquat is not yellow, and I want to be upset in the mirror. In a hurry, the peach blossoms in March turn with the water; Drifting, the kite string broke in February. Lang Ya Lang, I can't wait for you to be a woman and I will be a man in the next life.

According to legend, Zhuo Wenjun attached two more "Farewell Books". After reading his wife's letter, Sima Xiangru couldn't help but marvel at his wife's talent. Thinking of the love between husband and wife in the past, he was very ashamed, and never mentioned the matter of his widow and concubine. The two grew old together and lived in Linquan.

Of course, this matter should be added by later generations, after all, the examination of what Zhuo Wenjun wrote does not seem to be something from her period.

According to historical records, "Zhuo Wenjun wrote "Baitou Yin" to self-denial, and the same is the end". "Baitou Yin" wrote: "It is as white as snow on the mountain, and as bright as the moon between the clouds." Wen Jun has two intentions, so he decided to break up. Later generations believe that this poem is a folk work. Many years later, people found an article for Zhuo Wenjun's "Sima Xiangru", which summarized Sima Xiangru's life in a simple and sincere text. It can be seen that the love between the two is steadfast.

Some people also say that Sima Xiangru's literary quality is not high, and he writes "Zixu Fu" and "Shanglin Fu", which are sprinkled with joy and praise for virtue, and has become a royal literati by touting it; The posthumous work "Feng Zen Book" also made Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty spend a lot of manpower and material resources to carry out the Feng Zen activities. However, objectively speaking, Sima Xiangru admonishes and discusses things, although extravagant, but all of them are solemn and ironic, Sima Qian thinks: "What is the difference between this and the style of "Poetry"? "That's a high rating.

The vast majority of writers of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty admired Sima Xiangru very much, and the most representative of them was Sima Qian. In the entire "Historical Records", there are only two biographies dedicated to literary scholars: one is "The Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng", and the other is "The Biography of Sima Xiangru". In "The Biography of Sima Xiangru", Sima Qian included his 3 fu and 4 essays in full, so that its length was about 6 times that of "The Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng". This alone can see the important position of Sima Xiangru in the mind of Taishi Gong.

Therefore, everything else is floating clouds, and this guy brushes it out, and his reputation in Shilin and the people is also very huge. (To be continued.) )