"The sixth general, Song Yingxing, a famous scientist in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, has 90+ engineering skills"

When Song Yingxing was young, he and his brother Yingsheng studied in the family school opened by their uncle Song Heqing. Pen ~ fun ~ Pavilion www.biquge.info Song Yingxing began to recognize his uncle Song Guozuo as a teacher in his hometown prose private school, and then became a student under the Xinjian Juren Deng Liangzhi. Song Yingxing has been smart and strong since he was a child, "can rhyme at the age of a few years", and has a talent that he never forgets, and is very loved by teachers and elders. Slightly longer, he was admitted to Fengxin County School as a student, familiar with the history of the scriptures and the hundred schools of thought, he was in Cheng Yi - Cheng Hao, Zhou Dunyi, Zhu Xi and Zhang Zai, the four major families of the Song Dynasty, he single-handedly promoted Zhang Zai's Guan Xue, from which he accepted the materialist view of nature. He has a great interest in astronomy, acoustics, agriculture and craft manufacturing, and has read books such as Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica". In addition, he likes music and poetry. He often goes to the scenic spots of the county with his classmates and friends, urges each other to poems, encourages each other, and talks about world affairs.

Song Yingxing's main contribution is that he summarized the knowledge of agricultural production and handicraft production that had appeared in China for thousands of years, and also summarized the technical experience, and made it systematic and organized, and then wrote a book so that it could be handed down. Song Yingxing's books include agriculture and handicrafts, such as machinery, bricks, ceramics, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textiles, dyeing, salt making, coal mining, oil extraction, and other production techniques.

Tiangong Kaiwu is the world's first comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production, and is a great scientific and technological work in Chinese history. It systematically summarizes the various technologies of ancient China and constitutes a complete scientific and technological system. The rich experience in agriculture is summarized, and the achievements of process technology are fully reflected.

The preciousness of "Heavenly Creations" lies in the fact that it describes many advanced scientific and technological achievements in industrial and agricultural production. The book uses technical data to give quantitative descriptions, revealing advanced scientific ideas and theoretical elaborations, focusing on the introduction of theoretical concepts rather than simple technical descriptions. In terms of agriculture, "Naili" pointed out that 30 days after rice seedlings are raised, they will be pulled out and planted, and one mu of seedling field can be transplanted to 25 mu, that is, the ratio of seedling field to Honda is 1:25. It is also said that there are three buckets of drinking water for upland rice and five buckets for drinking water for late rice, and they will dry up when they lose water. These technical data have a guiding role in agricultural production and are the theoretical basis for seedling raising, transplanting and irrigation, which have not been mentioned in previous agricultural books.

"Heavenly Creations" also reflects Western learning to a certain extent, such as "Where the method of welding iron, Western countries have strange medicines." The Chinese small welding uses white copper powder, and the large welding is trying its best to swing the hammer and force it, and it cannot be strong after a long time. Therefore, there are forged cannons in the west, and China only relies on smelting and casting. ”

The "Theory of Species Development and Variation" in "Heavenly Creation" is more than 100 years earlier than the "Provenance Theory" of Carver Wolf in Germany; "Animal cross-breeding breeds" is more than 200 years earlier than the theory of the French Bilz Bisya; The gas emptying, roadway support and chemical changes in coal mining were also much more advanced than foreign science at that time. In particular, the research results such as "ashes dipped in seedling roots" and "seed characteristics are divided with water and soil" are major breakthroughs in agricultural history.

"Tiangong Kaiwu" describes in detail the cultivation of new varieties of silkworms: the yellow cocoon silkworm was crossed with the white cocoon silkworm to breed the brown cocoon silkworm, and the "early male" and "late female" were crossed to breed the "Jia Chong", which was more than 200 years earlier than the similar record in France.

In the chapter "Hardware", Song Yingxing is the first scientist in the world to scientifically discuss zinc and copper-zinc alloy (brass). He made it clear that zinc was a new metal and for the first time documented how it was smelted. This is one of the important achievements in the history of metal smelting in ancient China, making China the only country in the world that can smelt zinc on a large scale for a long time. Song Yingxing's method of refining brass with metal zinc instead of zinc compound (calamine) is the earliest record in human history of using copper and zinc to directly fuse two metals to obtain brass. The series use of iron-making and iron-frying furnace is summarized and proposed, and the pig iron is directly fried to mature iron, which has the important characteristics of modern metallurgical technology. This method did not exist in Europe in the 17th century.

The case of farmers cultivating new varieties of rice and barley was recorded, the influence of soil, climate and cultivation methods on the changes of crop varieties was studied, and the mutation caused by the hybridization of different varieties of silkworm moths was also noted, indicating that the characteristics of animals and plants can be changed through human efforts, and the scientific insight that "the soil veins vary from time to time, and the species are divided with water and soil" was obtained, which advanced the understanding of ecological variation of ancient Chinese scientists and put forward a theoretical basis for the artificial cultivation of new varieties.

The piston blower technology described in "Tiangong Kaiwu" is more advanced than that of European blower equipment. Special chemical heat treatment processes such as copper alloys, rattle molding, iron anchor forging, steel needle drawing, and "pig iron showers" and metal composite materials are also the earliest clear records. In modern times, its rationale still applies.

In terms of mechanical dynamics, Tiangong Kaiwu recorded many inventions and creations in China in terms of mechanical power, such as flower machines for weaving and fabrics, which were not available in foreign countries at that time. "Pure Essence" introduces the water mill device invented in the Han Dynasty in China, which connects the three parts of the power machine, the transmission machine and the working machine, more than 1,000 years earlier than the British trial of a water wheel to drive two disc mills. The drilling technology in "salty" is more than 300 years earlier than the Russian drilling technology.

"Heavenly Creations" is the world's first comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production, is a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient China, some people also call it an encyclopedic work, the author is the Ming Dynasty scientist Song Yingxing. Foreign scholars call it "the encyclopedia of Chinese craftsmanship in the 17th century".

Anyway, this guy's combat power should be about the same as Shen Kuo in front, and I don't know what level each person is.

"It's over, it's over, I don't know what you're going to toss anymore, it's going against the sky if it goes on like this!" Bao Hong said with a smile, "You said that these messy people came out, and I don't know what the hell the technology tree in the late Han Dynasty evolved to." ”

"It's like a normal tech tree is reliable?" The system said disdainfully, "Mozi and Luban's black technology, what the hell knows!" ”

"Let's get down to business, the first military general in the previous dynasty, Mozi's chief disciple, Bird Slippery, Gongshu 96."

At the beginning of the Warring States period, legend has it that he was the chief disciple of Mozi, and his character was Shenzi. His descendants took his character as their surname, forming the surname Shen. He was once a disciple of Confucianism, learned from Zixia, and has been concentrating on ink since he switched to Mozi.

One is a disciple of Mozi from Wei, and the other is from Zhao to learn Laozi's doctrine. However, from the historical geography of the Warring States Period, the adjacency of Chu, Wei, and Zhao, imagine that although there are no historical records between Shenyi, Fowl Slippery, and Shenzhi, it cannot be ruled out that there is no relationship.

After the death of Mozi, the Mohist family was separated into three schools, "there is the ink of the Xiangli clan, the ink of the Xiangfu clan, and the ink of the Deng Ling clan". "Zhuangzi Tianxia Chapter" also has a similar discussion: "The disciples of the five marquis of Xiangliqin, the ink of the south, the bitter gain, the tooth, and the genus of Deng Lingzi, all recite the ink scriptures, and the times are different, and they are called different inks." According to the local chronicles, the ancestral residence of the Xiangli clan is now Fenyang, Shanxi; And five and Wu are the same, the surname of Wu Zixu in the ancient book is more than five, and Zixu is more in Qi after that. According to this, it is very clear that the post-Mo school is divided by region. Xiangli's west is close to Qin, which is the ink of the west; After Wu Zixu, the five marquis lived in Qi and became the ink of the East; Deng Lingzi and others are undoubtedly the ink of the south.

Among them, the most powerful is the ink of the West. During the reign of King Huiwen of Qin, the ink scholar Juzi Belly Huang Fu settled in Qin, at this time, the ink center has been transferred to the Qin State, and the representative figures are not only the belly Huang Fu, but also Tang Guguo, Tangzi and so on. According to Mr. Li Xueqin's research, the various texts of the city guard in the Mozi book have many things in common with Yunmeng Qin Jian, among which they are either called "Gong" or "Wang", which is likely to be the works of King Huiwen and his successors. In addition, it is often called the Bird Slippery Slippery in the article, and the Moxue branch is about the disciple of the Bird Slippery Sect. It can also be corroborated from the literature that the bird slippery is a disciple of Mozi, "Mozi has been doing things for three years, his hands and feet are calloused, his face is dark, and he is a servant, and he does not dare to ask questions." However, "Zixia Juxi River...... Tian Zifang, Duan Ganmu, Wu Qi, and Poultry Slippery are all employed by Zixia Zhilun". In this way, the bird slippery was taught by Zixia and may have lived in the Xihe area for a long time. From a geographical point of view, Xiangfuqin is the descendant of the bird, and this branch was later introduced to the Qin State.

Mozi also specially commented on the behavior of the bird slippery in "The Dyeed": "His friends are all benevolent and righteous, pure and fearful of orders, then the family is increasing, the body is safe, the name is glorious, and the official is reasonable, then Duan Ganmu, the poultry slippery, and the Fu Shuo are also the disciples." Of the three people Mozi praised clearly, only the bird slipper was his authentic disciple, which shows the high status of the bird slip in Mozi's heart. Most of Mozi's outstanding insights in military strategic defense were told and recorded by the birds, and we can understand Mozi's contributions to military science, and we should be grateful to this bird, which is called the birds.

As mentioned earlier, Mozi's feat of preventing Chu from attacking Song in a critical situation was directed by Mozi and co-starred by Fowl Slipper and Mozi. The main plot is that Mozi learned that the state of Chu was about to attack the Song state by force with the help of the Gong Losing Plate, and ran all the way to the Chu State and the Gong Losing Plate to stage a good show of "war game deduction", and the bird led the well-trained Mojia army to guard the Song city wall in full armor, you go and die. The king of Chu and the prince knew that Mozi did not come empty-handed, and the rear had already set up a formation and was quite well prepared, so he completely died of the heart of plunder.

In this big play, the bird slips behind Mozi, but he is the key factor for Mozi to resist the enemy. It was with the defense of the birds in place that the king of Chu finally gave up his attempt to invade. This seems to have saved the Song State, but in fact, it also saved the Chu State.

"Mozi's chief disciple seems to be very bullish!" Bao Hong was also very speechless when he saw this, he hadn't heard of it at all......

"The second military general in the former dynasty, the eunuch of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun, the inventor of "Cai Hou paper", 85+ engineering skills"

"I'm going!" Bao Hong was also completely confused, "Didn't I just complain about the ghost in front of me who is not famous, you turned around and got me a ghost that everyone knows, right?" ”

Cai Lun's character is respectful, and Emperor Yongping of the Han Ming Dynasty entered the palace in the last years to give things.

Cai Lun was promoted to the middle permanent attendant because of his contribution to the Queen Mother, and Cai Lun concurrently served as Shang Fangling as a respected Jiuqing. Cai Lun summed up the papermaking experience of people in the past and innovated the papermaking process, and finally made "Caihou paper". After reporting to the imperial court, Emperor He of Han ordered the promotion of his paper-making method. In the first year of Jianguang, he committed suicide due to a power struggle.

Cai Lun's papermaking technology is listed as one of the "Four Great Inventions" in ancient China, and has made outstanding contributions to the spread of human culture and the progress of world civilization, and has been highly respected by people for thousands of years. It is regarded as the originator of papermaking and the "paper god" by paper workers.

In the "List of 100 Celebrities Who Influenced the Course of Human History", Cai Lun ranked seventh.

It is worth mentioning that Cai Lun is not only a papermaking skill, but also has a lot of achievements in other aspects.

When Cai Lun was also in charge of Shang Fangling, an institution in charge of the imperial palace's manufacturing industry, the "Shang Fang Sword" was the sword made by Shang Fang, which later became a symbol of supreme power. Due to the lack of historical records, it is impossible to verify how this appointment occurred, but it is undoubtedly one of the most correct appointments in Chinese history. At that time, the palace workshop concentrated the world's skilled craftsmen, representing the highest level of manufacturing in that era, providing Cai Lun with an excellent platform, his personality, hobbies and his outstanding talent in engineering and technology, in this job to be showcased.

The swords and other utensils made by Shang Fang in the ninth year of Yongyuan are "all fine and dense, and they are the law of later generations". In other words, he greatly improved the production process, reached a very high level, and remained at the pinnacle of technology for a long time. Cui Yu, who was thirty or forty years late Cai Lun, wrote in "Political Commentary": "There is the crossbow of Cai Taifu's servant and the sword of Longting for nine years, and he is still famous all over the world. "Cai Taifu" and "Long Ting" all refer to Cai Lun, who has become a "brand" of weapons.

Of course, compared to others, if it is purely papermaking, there is nothing to do with Cai Lun at this time, and it is a waste to come out. However, judging from the description here, this guy's combat effectiveness in other aspects is also worth looking forward to, and it is also possible to develop various other black technologies, which is quite useful.

"Mess into the third general, the late Spring and Autumn period to the early Warring States period sword casting master Ou Yezi, 100 skills."

"Hey, the dance music, it directly exploded the great god......" Bao Hong was also taken aback when he saw this. (To be continued.) )