1, Yulin Cavalry, 2, Tiger Ben Army, 3, Danyang Soldiers, 4, Wudang Flying Army, 5, Flying Bear Army, 6, Trap Camp, 7 Tiger and Leopard Cavalry, 8, White Horse Yicong, 9 Xiliang Iron Cavalry, 10, White Ear Soldiers, 11, First Dead Soldiers, 12, Tiger Guards, 13, Xiaoyaojin Dead Soldiers, 14, Troublesome Army, 15, Euphorbia, 16, Liaodong Soldiers, 17, Black Mountain Army, 18, Dongzhou Soldiers, 19, Qingzhou Soldiers, 20, Yellow Turban Army

1. Yulin Cavalry - the Praetorian Cavalry of the Han Empire

Coach: Lu Bu

Transition: Evolve into a trap faction

Analysis: Lu Bu's elite is the trapped camp, but because there are too few descriptions in the history books of the trapped camp, the face is really very vague, and many history books say that the trapped camp is hoplite, and I have some different views here. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info

Lu Bu was born in Jiuyuan, and was hired by Ding Yuan, the assassin of Bingzhou at that time, who was Ding Yuan? He also has an official position called Captain Caidu. What does this cavalry lieutenant do? The Han Dynasty was a major period of development of cold weapons in China, and one of the technologies in the middle advanced by leaps and bounds, that is, cavalry. At that time, Huo Qubing almost exerted the cavalry tactics to the extreme, and Feng Wolf Juxu has always been a model and goal for future generations of martial artists. Therefore, in the military system of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there are 2 elite troops, one is the Tiger Ben Army, that is, the Qimen Army, which is the traditional elite army, which is mainly responsible for the emperor's guards and travel. The other is the Yulin Cavalry set up by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, which was first called the Jianzhang Battalion Cavalry, which clearly indicates that this unit is a cavalry unit. Wang Wei once had a poem saying that the Yulin Ride was established by Huo Quai, but in fact this is a leap, because Huo Qubing died first, and then there was a Yulin Ride. However, the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was a period of great development of cavalry, and the tactics and armor of the cavalry had developed by leaps and bounds, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only established the Yulin Cavalry in the later period, so it can be basically assumed that this Yulin Cavalry was the pinnacle of cavalry tactics and technology in the Han Dynasty at that time, and it was the elite of the cavalry troops.

And what does the cavalry lieutenant do, it is the name of the commander who is in charge of the Yulin Cavalry. In the records of the Three Kingdoms and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Ding Yuan said that he was skilled in bowing horses and powerful in martial arts. Moreover, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty records the military system of Yulin Cavalry, to the effect that Yulin Cavalry is selected from the children of good families in the six counties of the Northland, and then the father dies and the son replaces. The six counties of the Northland are all places bordering the Hu people, and the local people advocate martial arts, and most of them are skilled in bowing horses. Judging from this description, Yulin Riding is a standard professional soldier, their son takes the position of his father, and regards the military as a profession all his life, and some miscellaneous histories record the selection criteria of Yulin Riding, and excellent riding skills must be a must, in addition to stipulating that a strong bow of about 80 kilograms must be drawn. The source of this 80 kg is basically not found, and the Jin standard of the Han Dynasty is not the same as the current Jin standard, it is difficult to guarantee the authenticity, but at least it shows that this army cares very much about the art of arching horses. The number of Yulin riders is very small, and when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was first established, it was generally maintained at about 2,000 people, and the scale was not large, because the maintenance cost was too high to raise. Because judging from some of the tombs unearthed now, the cavalry of the Han Dynasty has been heavily armored, although it is not heavy armor compared to the heavy cavalry in Europe, but compared with the traditional cavalry in China, it is already quite heavy armor. Some research literature describes that there are two main types of armor worn by cavalry in the Han Dynasty, fish scale armor and chain mail, the lightest of which is more than 11 kilograms, and the main weapons are bows, crossbows, spears, axes, broadswords, etc. And not only the soldiers had to wear armor, but also the horses, and the cavalry also wore masks, which were dazzling from top to bottom. The iron-smelting technology of the Han Dynasty was not developed, and the iron-smelting technology was vigorously introduced from the Western Regions during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but it could only gather more than 2,000 Yulin riders (the number of the other forbidden army, the Tiger Ben Army, was almost 2,000). The Yulin Cavalry and the Tiger Ben Army were both pro-armies guarding the emperor, and they were both separate from the Southern and Northern Army of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. These 2 are the emperor's forbidden army, escorting the emperor's travel (tiger Ben in front, Yulin in the back), well-equipped that's for sure, the emperor's forbidden army can't always wear tattered out, summing up these, it can be roughly determined that Yulin Cavalry is a heavy cavalry in the Han Dynasty. We all know that during the period of cold weapons in China, especially in the Han Dynasty, there were very few heavy cavalry, because first, iron tools were not developed, so so many armor and equipment could not be obtained, and second, horses were too difficult to find. It is rare to have a war horse that can carry such a large weight. The third is this kind of cavalry, according to Huo Quai's thinking, if it can run long distances, I am afraid that each person has more than one horse.

It should be noted here that when the Yulin Cavalry was established in the early days, there was a period of expansion when fighting against the Huns, with tens of thousands of people, and after the Huns were beaten away, the Yulin Cavalry became the same forbidden army as the Tiger Ben, and the number has been maintained at about 2,000 people.

Ding Yuan's official position was to ride the capital lieutenant and lead the state assassin history. Ding Yuan, as the commander of the Yulin Cavalry, was sent to be stationed in Bingzhou. We know that Yulin Cavalry is the emperor's forbidden army and should be stationed in the capital, so why did Ding Yuan send it to Bingzhou? What kind of place is Bingzhou, the land of the six counties where the Yulin knights come from, and Zhang Liao's biography also describes that Zhang Liao was selected by Ding Yuan and sent out to recruit soldiers. The history books also unanimously describe that Ding Yuan himself was skilled in bowing horses and had martial arts. Moreover, Ding Yuan's selections, such as Lu Bu and Zhang Liao, were all heroes who later shocked the world. So it can basically be concluded that Ding Yuan is mainly responsible for the training of Yulin riding. Lu Bu also said that Lu Bu was the first to follow Ding Yuanming, who was brave and good at riding and shooting. It was used as the main book by Ding Yuan. The Heroes all said that Lu Bu was a rough person, and it was a bit strange that Ding Yuan still used him as the main book. What is Dante's original role? If all records show that Ding Yuan's main job in Bingzhou and Hanoi is to select warriors, then it is not surprising that Lü Bu is the chief bookkeeper, because Ding Yuan's job is to train soldiers and train Yulin cavalry, so it is not surprising that Lü Bu is Ding Yuan's chief official, because he is a skilled martial artist with bows and horses. Heroes remember that Lu Bu is a flying general, although later generations of historians say that this is too exaggerated, this number is probably the meaning of self-name. But Lu Bu's own martial arts are no problem. The flying general means the Han general Li Guang, and Li Guang himself is a bow and arrow, which is also consistent with Lu Bu. There is a record in the Heroes that Lu Bu once shot a halberd at the gate and hit it with an arrow. Let's take a look at the official positions of several people, it is very interesting, Lu Bu and Zhang Liao under Ding Yuan, including himself, have held the position of cavalry captain. Zhang Liao was sent to recruit Yulin cavalry, and Lü Bu served as the governor of Ding Yuan's inner prefecture, and Lü Bu later served as the holder of Jinwu. Holding Jinwu is the name of the commander of the forbidden army, and Yulin Cavalry said that it is a forbidden army, so Lu Bu seems to have been in charge of the elite cavalry unit of the Han Army, and later said that Dong Zhuo promoted him to Zhonglang General, but did not say the name, I guess that this Zhonglang General should be Yulin Zhonglang General, and he is still in charge of Yulin Cavalry. And Lu Bu himself boasted, saying that he would be invincible in the world as a cavalryman. This shows that Lu Bu has an elite cavalry unit under him, which should be the Yulin Cavalry. Moreover, he has been training recruits outside the Cyprus all the year round, and he should be very good at the training and construction of cavalry units.

So back to the original, how could Lu Bu, a person who started as a cavalry and commanded the most elite cavalry units all year round, be infantry when his elite troops are in the camp? This is unconscionable, it should be heavy cavalry. Judging from the only description of the trapped camp, it is said that their armor and fighting equipment are excellent, Cao Cao once commented on the comparison of military strength during the battle of Guandu, there were 300 horse armors at the beginning, and I can't have ten. Yuan Shao was so powerful at that time, Ma Kai was only three hundred, and there were seven or eight hundred people in the trapped camp, and the armor and fighting equipment were all excellent, which was very terrifying, no wonder the trapped camp attacked everything. No wonder Lu Bu is afraid of the world, the Heroes record: Lu Bu went to Yuan Shao, Yuan Shao wanted to assassinate Lu Bu, but was seen through by Lu Bu and escaped, Yuan Shao heard about it, he was very scared, and planned to kill Lu Bu if he said anything, and he couldn't leave trouble, so he sent pursuers to clean up Lu Bu, but no one dared to go up to him, so he let Lu Bu run away. It can be seen the horror of the cavalry under Lu Bu. Heroes' records: Lu Bu once fought with Yuan Shu, won several battles, and fought until Yuan Shu's army did not dare to fight again, so Lu Bu proudly led his troops to laugh on the north bank of Huaishui, and wrote a letter to Yuan Shu, saying, "The army is strong, and it is often said that the warriors are fierce generals, and they want to swallow each other, and every ear of restraint!" Although the cloth is not brave, the tiger steps Huainan, and for a while, the rat is running Shouchun, and there is no one who comes out. Fierce warriors, why do you know? ”

The evaluation of Lu Bu in various history books says that he basically has no political acumen, and his personality is capricious, to put it bluntly, he has no faith, not only do few other princes like him, but even his own subordinates can't control him. In the end, Lu Bu's failure was also due to the rebellion of his subordinates, but such a person, rampant in the world, feared by the world, it can be seen that the group of Yulin cavalry under Lu Bu - or it is more appropriate to call it the Bingzhou Iron Cavalry, after all, after Dong Zhuo's death, the Han army basically ceased to exist, and Lu Bu's group of personal soldiers who followed him all the way from Bingzhou may be more appropriate to call the Bingzhou Iron Cavalry according to the custom. It can be seen that the equipment and training level of the Bingzhou Iron Cavalry under Lu Bu are superb. Before his death, Lu Bu said to Cao Cao, "The Ming Duke is not more troubled than cloth, and now he has been served, and the world is not worried." Ming Gong will step, and Ling Bu will ride, then the world is not enough. And Cao Cao not only did not refute, but was very moved when he heard this. It can be seen that Lu Bu is not bragging, Lu Bu is indeed the first in the world in terms of training and commanding cavalry. This also created the main force of the Cao army - the tiger and leopard horse.

2. Tiger Ben Army - the palace guard of the declining dynasty

Coach: Yuan Shu

Changes: disappeared, and Cao Cao rebuilt the Tiger Guard (Ben) battalion in imitation of the old system, and later evolved into the middle and leading forces, that is, the five elite battalions of Cao Wei: Wuwei, Zhongli, Zhongjian, Xiaocai, Wuwei, Zhongbei, and Zhongjian Battalion in the guerrilla

Yuan Shu originally commanded the elite tiger army of the Han court, which was also the capital he wanted to be the emperor

3. Danyang (Yang) soldiers - the strong army of the land of Xu Yang

Coaches: Tao Qian, Liu Bei, Lu Bu, Gao Shun, Chen Deng, Cao Cao, Sun Ce, Sun Quan

Changes: Evolved into white-eared soldiers, death battalions, and annoying battalions; Replenish the soldiers of the trapped camp, tiger and leopard cavalry.

Facts:

"The Great General He Jin sent the Commander Wuqiu Yi Danyang to recruit troops"; "Taizu has few soldiers, but he recruits troops with Xiahou Dun and others in Yangzhou"

Analysis: Why did He Jin and Cao Cao run to "Danyang" to recruit troops when they ran out of soldiers? Because "Danyang Mountain is dangerous, and the people are fruitful"! "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms" is simple, the author cherishes ink like gold, even the generals of Shu Han, the governors of Wu, and the Xiahou of Cao do not have a single independent biography. And the frequency of Danyang soldiers as a military force can be said to be quite high.

Danyang Bing is Tao Qian's old book, he himself is a Danyang person, as an old warlord in Xuzhou, although Tao does not have a good general, but he has an elite "Danyang soldier", so he can also fight against predators like Cao Cao. "Danyang Mountain is dangerous, the people are fruitful, good martial arts, noble strength, and the land of elite soldiers", when Liu Bei reinforced Tao Qian, Tao Qian gave thousands of Danyang soldiers to Liu Bei. "Qian Yi Danyang soldiers 4,000 benefit the first master, and the first master then goes to Kai Guiqian." Four thousand Dan Yang soldiers can let Liu Bei "go to (Tian) Kai and return to Qian".

Later, with Liu Bei's transfer to the army of thousands of miles, it was this elite army. The rest of the Danyang soldiers, under the command of Cao Bao, induced Lü Bu's war to seize Xuzhou. "Tianming, Danyang soldiers will open the door and deploy soldiers." The rebellion of Danyang soldiers directly led to the change of ownership of Xuzhou. It is estimated that there were many Danyang warriors among Lu Bu's subordinates. But apparently there are still a few remaining Danyang soldiers in the local area, and they have become the subordinates of Chen Yuanlong, the Guangling Taishou who are good at eating fish and turtles, and it is this little Danyang soldier who later repelled the attack of the little overlord Sun Ce across the river! Judging from the fierce battles between Liu, Lu and Cao Cao, I feel that the Danyang soldiers belong to the relics of Dongyi, and they are basically a Gurkha army, which can fight habitually, bear hardships and stand hard work, and have the style of a Yuzi soldier.

Danyang Bing's greatest influence is still Soochow. "When Wu Jingshang was in Danyang, he was the captain of Danyang and the commander of Danyang", and Sun Ceping Jiangdong relied on the thousands of "Lujiang Shangjia", that is, "Danyang soldiers". The Sun family is also very cautious about the position of "Danyang Taishou", and most of them are held by the Sun family. Later, Zhuge Ke ****, one of the major capitals was that he was the Danyang Taishou and had Danyang soldiers in his hands. "The right to worship General Zhao, lead Dan Yang Taishou, and grant three hundred halberds and military cavalry."

The land of Danyang is not only the source of troops in Eastern Wu, but also a major tumor. "Vulgar martial arts practice war, noble strength, its rise to danger and to resist the thorns. If the fish walks into the abyss, the sinister Tengmu is also. In the gap between the time view, he was a thief, and every time he went to the army to fight, he looked for his cave. Its battles are swarming, and defeats are birds, and since the previous life, they cannot be restrained", it can be seen that the people of Danyang have repeatedly rebelled. In the later period, Danyang soldiers also performed when the Jin soldiers destroyed Wu, but "the three rushed Jin brigades did not move". Illustrating his organization, discipline and ability to fight tough battles is questionable.

Fourth, Wudang Flying Army - the elite mountain "mercenary" troops in Shuzhong

Coaches: Wang Ping, Zhang Wei

Transition: The entire army is destroyed

Facts:

"Zhuge Liang moved to the south of the middle of the force, Qingqiang more than 10,000 families in Shu, for the five, should be unprecedented, called the flying army. That is, the Wudang Flying Army. Wang Ping was not in prison. ”

The so-called Wudang Flying Army is the Shu Han strong brigade established by Zhuge Liang after conquering Nanzhong, using the local minority soldiers, and Liu Bei's traditional trump card army - Bai'er soldiers, as well as the Xiliang Ma Clan's army. This army is characteristic, and in terms of the nature of the troops, it is a very apt analogy, similar to the French Foreign Legion, a professional mercenary army. Their commander was the gloomy, stern Wang Ping. "Ping Te saw Chongxian, Gabai joined the army, unified the five departments and served as a camp officer, promoted to the position of general Kou, and sealed the pavilion marquis." , this elite unit is good at mountain and jungle warfare, and is called the "Flying Army", which is worthy of its name.??

The Shu Han regime had originally used the Wuling barbarians (who moved south from Henan, not the same system as the southwest Yi) mercenaries of the descendants of the three Miao, and showed their skills in the war against Wu, and even the fierce general Gan Ning died at the hands of these barbarians. In the war of the seven captures of Meng Shu—of course, it was only a symbol—Zhuge Liang fully realized the heroic and good fighting of the ethnic minorities in Nanzhong. This is not surprising, historically, farming peoples generally lacked the spirit of perseverance, while nomadic and fishing and hunting peoples tended to be brave and ruthless.

With the end of the South-China War and the restoration of peace, these fierce fighters fell into unemployment, and the retention of such forces in the south was undoubtedly a great factor of social instability. Looking at the 228 incident that occurred in Taiwan after the Anti-Japanese War, the people who took the lead in making trouble were members of the Taiwanese Takasago Army who were demobilized from the former Japanese army. For this reason, Zhuge Liang implemented a favorable policy of killing two birds with one stone, that is, to recruit ethnic minority soldiers to join the Shu government army, and the problem of funding was solved by the local heroes. "Huayang National Chronicles" records that Liang Yiyi is more ruthless, and he is not surnamed Haoqiang, but he ordered to pay out gold silk, and hired evil Yi as a family department, and many of them were hereditary officials. Therefore, the Yi people were greedy for goods, and they belonged to the Han Dynasty and became the Yi Han tribe, so as to establish a local army with the nature of razing and razing in the local area, and the local heroes obtained social status, so they settled in the rule of the Shu Han Dynasty and sent out the golden twilight soldiers, so that the ethnic minorities got benefits and eased the ********. At the same time, these local unemployed soldiers have become government troops, as if they had obtained shares in enterprises, and have become the centripetal force of ethnic minorities. The army it composed was familiar with folklore and less provocative questions. Later, Zhang Wei, Ma Zhong and others suppressed the rebellion, and the Yihan tribe was the main force.

Such benefits naturally cannot be enjoyed exclusively by the locality. At the same time, in order to completely avoid the resurgence of the southern separatist forces, under the auspices of Zhuge Liang, Shu did not hesitate to spend money to move south to the middle of the force, and more than 10,000 Qingqiang families were in Shu. This is the origin of the Wudang Flying Army. After the members of this army arrived in Shu County, they became military households of Shu State, and they made a living as soldiers for Shu State for generations and became professional soldiers. When Chengdu and the prosperity of Nanzhong are not the same, the Yi people in Nanzhong are heavy warriors, so every time there is a vacancy, the Nanren will run and tell, stabbing blood enthusiastically, and be proud of it. It is reminiscent of the scene of the British army recruiting mercenaries from the Gurkha battalion in Nepal. Of course, at that time, the population in the south was not large, with 20,000 households in Luke County, 10,000 households in Jianning County, 8,000 households in Zhuti County, and 40,000 households in Xinggu County.

What is the image of the Wudang Flying Army? They are all dressed in iron armor and can climb mountains and mountains. He is good at using crossbows and poisoned arrows, and is especially good at defensive combat. Because it is a family migration, it is customary to dance with the barbarian aunt, and all the group cards are opened (clothed) and marched in. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in the seven captures of Meng Shu, the elite soldier who has not yet been born is assigned to the local hero, Yang Feng, the owner of Yinye Cave, although it is nonsense, but the general image is not wrong. The stationing of such a strangely dressed army with unique customs into Shudu must have brought a lot of cultural conflicts, at least the vast number of scholars must be curious and worried. In order to be able to manage these fierce warriors well, Shu Han appointed the strict Wei general, and the Brazilian (and possibly Xuzhou Pei) Wang Ping as the first commander of the army. Wang Ping, with an average number of words, is less than ten literate, shares weal and woe with the soldiers, but is strict by nature, harsh in training, and rarely speaks. Such a general, who can convince the public, but also is stern and a little gloomy, is really a suitable candidate for the commander of the mercenary.

"Huayang National Chronicles, Nanzhong Chronicles" records: In the third year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang conquered Nanzhong, "autumn, Suiping four counties." …… More than 10,000 Qingqiang families in Shu, which are five departments, should be unprecedented, and they are called the Flying Army. The military system of Shu is also imitating the Han system, and it is recorded in the "Military System of the Past Dynasties": "Shu placed five armies, its left and right, generals, governors, and protectors; Among them, there is one division, one supervisor, one guard, one warden, and one member of the army; its former division, one general, one overseer, one overseer, one overseer; After that, the governor and the general were one at the same time. It will be abbreviated as the Han. And the soldiers have the difference between the generals, the frontless, the binsuo, the Qingqiang, the scattered cavalry, and the martial cavalry, and the cover is not all with the Shu people. That is to say, the army of Shu is divided into 5 types according to their duties, and the soldiers are divided into 6 types according to the different combat performance. Huayang Guozhi also said that it was divided into weak and weak with the surnames Jiao, Yong, Lou, Jiao, Meng, Liang, Mao, and Li as the trilogy, and placed five captains and five sons. That is to say, Zhuge mainly incorporated the elite soldiers of Qingqiang into the category of Wuqian, and the rest of the weak ones were incorporated into the army with many Han people.

The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms records that Wang Ping once served as a Wudang prison, which may be that the soldiers of Qingqiang were particularly brave in battle, and it was the nature of a mercenary, so Zhuge set up the position of Wudang Prisoner, which was specially used to manage the strong soldiers in Qingqiang, that is, the soldiers who were incorporated into the category of Wuqian. This kind of brave hired foreign soldiers, good at war and different habits from the Han people, Zhuge later divided them into a separate group, managed by Wu Dangjian, should be the most reasonable explanation. Probably from this time on, the official name of this army was Wudang Feijun.

As for whether the Wudang Flying Army is cavalry, judging from the name of Shu's military system, the scattered cavalry should be light cavalry, and the martial cavalry may be heavy cavalry. Shu does not produce good horses, so the number of cavalry is not much, and the later division table mentions that there are only more than 1,000 scattered cavalry in total, or it is hard to save it in a few years, so Wudang Feijun himself thinks that it should not be cavalry. In the records of the Three Kingdoms, it is mentioned several times that Wang Ping led the troops, all of which are more than 1,000 people, which should be the regular scale of the Wudang Flying Army, and the total cavalry of Shu is only a thousand people, it is impossible to be in the Wudang Flying Army, so what did the scattered cavalry go?

Many people question the name Feijun, thinking that since it is called Feijun, it should be related to horses. Zhuge Liang once explained the criteria for selecting soldiers in the Heart Sutra on Talent Selection, and once mentioned that "those who shoot must be hit, and those who will die in the middle will be gathered as a disciple, and the name is a galloping man." He called the person with excellent archery skills as a galloping man, and the one who rode and shot like a fly, Zhuge called the man who competed for the front, "There are those who ride and shoot like flying, and those who shoot all of them are all hit, and they are gathered as a disciple, and they are called the people of the front; "Then Wudang's name is the flying army, which should refer to the reason why they have excellent archery skills, which is also in line with Wang Ping's later incident of leading his troops to shoot Zhang He to death.

Then, the name of Wudang Feijun, Wudang refers to their duties, and the main task is to rush forward, that is, the task of Wuqian in the Shu army.

The flying army is worthy of the prestige of the warriors of Nanzhong, brave and good at fighting, and has outstanding performances in all wars of Shu Han.

As soon as he came out of Qishan, he was accompanied by Ma Tan's troops to fight in the street pavilion - originally probably because Ma Jian was familiar with the situation in Nanzhong, I hope he can give full play to the characteristics of this army. --Because of Ma Tan's mistake and the whole army was defeated, it was the flying army led by Wang Ping who was interrupted, fighting to the death, beating drums to confuse the enemy, successfully covering the other departments to withdraw from the battlefield, and retreating with his whole body, which was a small test of the edge.

In the ninth year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang's fourth northern expedition ordered Wang Ping to encircle the south of Tun with his deputy division, and designed to encircle Sima Yi in Qishan. Sima Yi couldn't resist it, so he simply used the trick of encircling Wei to save Zhao, and sent Zhang Jaw to lead the main army to attack Wang Ping's lone army. Although there were only 3,000 Wudang Fei troops under Wang Ping at that time, only one-twentieth of the Wei army, these Gurkha battalion-style warriors all swore to the death, desperately resisted, arrows were like flying locusts, and they couldn't attack with open jaws, but Sima Yi's camp had been broken by Zhuge Liang's army. The Wei army retreated, but the Wudang Fei Army gave full play to the characteristics of the mountain corps, rushed out of the camp, counterattacked the Wei army's rearguard, and attacked before and after, and the Wei army was defeated, losing thousands of armor heads. When Shu was able to fight against Sima Yi for the first time, he had a considerable advantage, and the Fei Army fought to the death against Cao Wei's fierce general Zhang Jaw's army, and he was a great meritorious.

Due to the characteristics of mountain warfare, the Wudang Flying Army was often used to crusade against rebellious ethnic minorities. In the third year of Yanxi (240 AD), Han Jia (now Ya'anbei, Sichuan) rebelled, and Shu Han sent the favored Su guards to replace him to go to the expedition, and the equipment was not excellent, but the famous general who was a good man died in the hands of minority rebels, and it was still the Wudang Fei Army who was transferred back from the front line to control the situation. That should be the second or third generation of flying troops.??

The end of the Wudang Flying Army was also extremely tragic, it was the eighth time in Jiang Wei's nine expeditions to the Central Plains, in order to cover the retreat of the commander, the 5000 Flying Army and the last commander Zhang Wei fought the last battle, the whole army was killed, and the history records the killing of the enemy. "Before the army, he clashed with the Wei general Xu Qian, and he fell into battle, but his killing and wounding were also doubled." Later, although there was still the name of the Flying Army, and it was performed in battles such as the defense of Yangping Pass, the Wudang Flying Army as a whole no longer existed.

Finally, if in terms of blood, in fact, the members of the Feijun include two parts, the Nanzhong Yi and Qingqiang, the former includes Suo, Zhen, Jiong, Baipu and other ethnic groups, and later became the Yi nationality, Brown and other Yunnan ethnic minorities, proficient in archery, the latter is Diqiang and Ran Chi, since ancient times there is a habit of building watchtowers, "Huayang National Chronicles" records how these ethnic groups living in the stone towers in the summer and autumn how to enter Shu as a servant, dig wells to build river weirs, sell pepper apple agricultural and sideline products, return to their hometown in winter and spring to avoid the cold, stone watchtowers, record the history of Qingqiang, but also shows that they are good at guarding.

Ironmaking:

After Liu Bei entered Sichuan, there was a technology that was greatly improved, and even the top of the Three Kingdoms at that time was cast iron. Huayang National Chronicles records: there are ancient stone mountains, there are stone mines, as big as garlic, the fire burns together, into a stream of branch iron, very rigid, because of the iron official, there is an iron ancestral temple. When Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, he gave Deng Tong, a servant with iron and copper, and passed the fake people Zhuo Wang Sun, and took a thousand horses at the age of the year; Therefore, Wang Sun has accumulated a huge amount of money, and Deng Tong's money is also all over the world. This ancient stone mountain, which is a small hill around the Tiexi River, is rich in a kind of iron ore the size of garlic with a high iron content, commonly known as "garlic stone". "Sichuan Tongzhi": The Tiexi River is in the south of Chengdu County, thirteen miles, and flows into the Baishui River. Xiwu Hou cooked iron here, because of the name. In addition, Zhuge Liangji also recorded that Zhuge had cast iron in the river.

Shu has a lot of iron since ancient times, and there is also a very important figure in the history of Chinese iron casting in Shu at that time - Pu Yuan. Iron casting Sichuan has been there for a long time, but because of the temperature, the quality is not good, and Pu Yuan invented the quenching process for the first time, the quenching process is an important discovery and invention in metal products, and it is a revolution in the metal processing industry. We generally call the best steel as 100 steel, the so-called "100 steel", is to repeatedly heat, fold and forge the block of iron, so that the structure of the steel is dense, the composition is uniform, and the impurities are reduced, so as to improve the quality of the steel. As for the knives made by Pu Yuan, the historical records record that the knives are marked with "seventy-two refinements", so the knives made by Pu Yuan are called divine knives. Ancient and modern sword records record: Liu Bei, the lord of Shu, in the first year of Zhangwu, the age of Xin Chou, mined gold and ox mountain iron, cast eight swords, each three feet six inches long. One is self-serving, one is with Prince Chan, one is with Liang Wangli, one is with Lu Wangyong, one is with Zhuge Liang, one is with Guan Yu, one is with Zhang Fei, and one is with Zhao Yun. And it is a bright book, all of them are wind corners, all orders, called 50,000 yuan knives, all of which are linked and edged, and are listed in seventy-two chain handles, and there are two words in pass. This passage hurts a lot, one is the level of craftsmanship at that time, it is impossible to make 50,000 mouths, Pu Yuan's biography records that Pu Yuan made 5,000 knives for Liu Bei, and 3,000 knives for Zhuge , 50,000 is obviously too exaggerated. The second is that in the first year of Zhang Wu, Lord Guan Yu was over. However, each knife mentioned in the Sword Record is marked with seventy-two chains (refining), and the credibility is still very large. Because the most important technology of Puyuan is the quenching process.

Pu Yuan said: Jun nature is more curious, in the sloping valley, for Zhuge Liang cast knife 3,000 mouths, the knife becomes, self-said Han water is blunt and weak, not quenched, Shu River is refreshing, is said to be the essence of the gold, the talent is wild, is to order people to take the river water in Chengdu, Jun to quench the knife, the words are mixed with water, not available, the water person defends the words are not mixed, the king draws the water with a knife, the words are miscellaneous eight liters, the water taker kowtows to the cloud, covers the water in Fujin, and then uses the water eight liters to benefit it.

And Zhuge obviously attaches more importance to cast iron than Liu Bei, and Zhuge once appointed Zhang Yi as "Si Jin Zhonglang General, pawned as a weapon of agricultural warfare". Specializes in cast iron and steelmaking, and is widely sought for high-quality ores. According to legend, the origin of the name of the Sword Gate is Zhuge Sword Refining. ("The Legend of the Earth": Shiniu Daoist, the mountain has a small stone gate, a passage through the mountain, more than six zhang.) In the middle of Han Yongping, Si Li Yang Ju struck again, and Zhuge Kongming came to this point with a sword. It is known as a narrow bondage, and it is to establish Jianmen County, restore the pavilion road, and put the captain to guard it.

With Sichuan's extremely advanced cast iron technology, Zhuge has been thinking about how to improve weapons, and the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms recorded: and profit and loss of the crossbow, called Yuan Rong, with iron as the arrow, the arrow is eight inches long, and a crossbow and ten arrows are fired. It is said that Liu Hong, the general of Zhennan in the Western Jin Dynasty, later went to visit Zhuge Liang's former residence, and after seeing this kind of crossbow, he sighed: The skill of the divine crossbow is so subtle. According to the description of the Three Kingdoms, each arrow is 8 inches long, and the individual crossbows unearthed today are generally 2-3 inches. Ma Jun later transformed the Zhuge crossbows, which are said to be 3 inches each. If what the Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes is true, then this profit and loss repeater originally referred to a large crossbow, not for individual soldiers. It is very controversial to fire ten arrows at the same time, one view is that it can be fired continuously, that is, the function of automatic boring, and another is that ten of them are shot together. My opinion is that it should be fired in bursts, if ten of them are shot out together, then what ingenuity in the design can make Liu Hong sigh at the skill of the crossbow, how subtle. In addition, Ma Jun, the inventor of Wei Guoda, saw Zhuge crossbow and thought that it could be improved to 50. (can be doubled by five times) ten arrows shot out together can be understood, 50 arrows shot together is incomprehensible, if you need to shoot out more arrows at a time, just make a few more side by side, what to improve. And from the perspective of aerodynamics, if 50 arrows are fired at a time, then the power of the launch is evenly distributed among the 50 arrows, which will greatly affect the range and power. Not to mention the Three Kingdoms meeting, even if you build cannons now, you won't design a cannon that shoots 50 shells at a time. The first thing in weapon design is range and power, and the power of multiple salvo shots must be greatly reduced. Therefore, what Ma Jun said should be the number of bursts, and only the automatic loading technology is worth improving.

But Zhuge must not only transform the crossbow. Tang Jingsai crossbow record: Xishu crossbow is particularly famous, the big one is more than the crossbow, ten arrows are called the group of crows, one arrow is called the flying spear, and it is called the mountain destroying crossbow, that is, the Yuan Rong made by Kong Ming. Zhuge made the transformation of the repeater crossbow in the automatic loading technology, which obviously did not affect his improvement of the individual crossbow, and because of Pu Yuan's cast iron technology as a guarantee, he could implement the arrow made of iron on the crossbow arrow on a large scale. As mentioned earlier, during the Three Kingdoms period, most of the arrowheads used were made of bronze, and the hardness was very poor, and it was of little use to soldiers equipped with armor. Arrowheads made of iron are rare, mainly because the technical level and output were limited at that time, and Shu had a unique advantage, Zhuge devoted himself to development, and finally made iron arrowheads can be used on a large scale in the army.

And what kind of troops is the Zhuge repeater used for? Huayang Guozhi Ba Zhili recorded: "Shu Cheng Xiangliang also sent his strength, and 3,000 people were crossbowmen, and then moved to Hanzhong." "Then these 3,000 people should be using the Zhuge crossbow. Cao Wei since he obtained Lu Bu's trap camp, and Zhang Liao assisted in training soldiers, gradually mastered the technology of heavy cavalry, tiger and leopard cavalry many times on the battlefield to show their might, Cao Zhen's biography records, tiger and leopard cavalry led by Cao Zhen, and what is Cao Zhen's main position in the later period? Conquer the Shu Protectors. Before Sima Yi made his fortune, Cao Zhen had always been in charge of the defense of Wei's Shu line. In the past, Shu estimated that there were too many losses from eating tigers and leopards, so Zhuge devoted himself to studying the tactics and weapons of restraining cavalry. Zhuge Liang Ji specifically mentioned the tactics of dealing with cavalry: if the thief comes to ride, he will fight in vain, and the mountain is not cheap, and he will be treated with a car, and the narrow will be sawed. Sima Zhao ordered the whole army to learn the Zhuge military system after the destruction of Shu, and the famous general Ma Long of the Western Jin Dynasty, the book of Jin recorded that his method of fighting against the cavalry was based on the eight array map, when Liangzhou Xianbei was in turmoil, Ma Long volunteered to take 3,000 people to suppress the bandits, the book of Jin recorded, Ma Long's requirement is that these more than 3,000 people must be good at using bows and crossbows, and can pull the crossbow, "Long recruits 36 crossbows and 4 bows, and sets up a simple test." From Dan to Zhong, there were 3,500 people, and Long said: That's enough. "Long said: The minister asked to recruit 3,000 warriors, no matter where he came from, he led the drum to the west, and gave His Majesty Weide, what a ugly captive! Emperor Xu Zhi is to take Long as the martial power too guard. "The force led by Malone to suppress the Xianbei rebellion is a pure crossbowman army. And his method is "Longyi Eight Formations for the partial box car, the land is wide for the antler car camp, and the road is narrow for the wooden house to be applied to the car, and the battle is forward, the bow and arrow reach, and fall in response to the string." That is, it is consistent with Zhuge Ji's idea of treating the car and treating it with a narrow one. In other words, Zhuge 's Eight Formations is likely to be a method of warfare for training crossbowmen on how to fight against cavalry.

With the formation of the Eight Formations and the extensive use of iron arrow clusters, Zhuge worked hard for several years and finally found a way to fight against the heavily armored cavalry. So the first time out of Qishan, the whole country of Wei was shocked, and the shock was not anything else, that is, it was found that Shu had found a way to restrain the cavalry of Wei.

Zhuge conquered Wei several times, and chose the mountain roads around Qishan, the reason is also to make it easier for the terrain here to restrain the cavalry of Wei. Since Shu used repeating crossbows and iron arrow clusters, the nightmare of the Wei cavalry came. As mentioned in the history of the compilation, the Shu army also often used a kind of iron thistle terrestris to prevent cavalry assault, and many of these iron nails have been unearthed under the Dingjun Mountain. Then it seems that Zhuge the idea of the Wei cavalry on the other side is to block the impact of the cavalry with various instruments, and then use a strong crossbow and a strong bow to shoot indiscriminately in the back. This tactic was later improved and used by Ma Long, creating a record of 3,500 people to exterminate Xianbei.

How powerful is Zhuge this set of tactics to restrain cavalry? Since Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He has been mainly defending the front line of Shu and has rich combat experience. In addition, after Xiahou Yuan's death, Zhang He led the elite of Wei, and Zhang He's biography records that he once led the core elite of Wei, Huwei Huben. "Send 30,000 soldiers from the north and south and send military guards and tiger envoys to guard him." But such a famous general, and led the elite troops of the Wei State, fought with Wang Ping's Wudang Fei Army several times, but did not take advantage, first in the street pavilion, under the chaos of the Shu army, Wang Ping's thousands of people Wudang Fei Army was stunned to scare off Zhang He's pursuers. Then, Wang Ping's Wudang Fei army defended the southern siege, Zhang He could not attack it, and finally the battle of Mumen was finally buried under the bow and crossbow of Shu.

Before Zhuge reformed, the heavy armored cavalry of Wei was rampant in the world from Lu Bu, and was finally restrained in front of the iron arrow and Zhuge 's new formation. From then on, Wei's attitude towards Shu changed from offensive to defensive until Zhuge died. If you talk about the elite soldiers of the Three Kingdoms, the first thing to refer to should be Zhuge crossbowmen and Lu Buliu's heavy armored cavalry.

In addition, attached to a sentence, Zhuge is always annoyed by the grain transport, in fact, the food is not the most urgent, after all, the grain is there, the local tuntian can also be solved, I am afraid that the most urgent need is the arrow, as mentioned earlier, the cast iron of Shu is extremely developed, but Pu Yuan, a smelting master, has very high requirements for water, and there is an idiom Pu Yuan knows water is to say that he pays too much attention to water in iron smelting. Although he often goes out with the army, he is afraid that the large-scale manufacturing will still have to be solved by the rear of Chengdu, after all, the quenching technique is a very complex technology, and the iron-making furnace cannot be carried around. Although the power of the iron arrow is great, the consumption is probably the largest among the various branches of the military, it is a bottomless pit and fighting, Wei has slowly become familiar with the weapons and tactics of the Shu army, so in the Sima Yi period, the Wei army basically used defensive tactics, relying on the danger and holding on. After all, the bow and crossbow are weapons that can only be used to kill and injure the living forces of the two armies in battle, and attacking fortifications is not a strong point. So this is probably why Sima Yi was always defensive in the later period, not because he was afraid of Zhuge , but because there was really no other good way to confront the bow and crossbow of Shu head-on.

But in any case, Zhuge was able to restrain the heavy armored cavalry during the cold weapon period, and the Wei State, which had elite heavy cavalry, could only be closed doors, which was really admirable. It is no wonder that after Sima Zhao destroyed Shu, he immediately asked the whole army to learn the military system of the Shu army, and used it as a blueprint for the Jin army later. Therefore, whenever Zhuge suffers from grain transportation, I am afraid that the most troubled is the iron arrows and other weapons made by the Shu Kingdom.

Zhuge actually put a lot of energy into finding iron ore, and many places record that he sent people to find iron ore, such as: "Yuan He Zhi": There is an iron mountain in the southeast of Shijian County in Lingzhou, and iron is produced. Zhuge Liang took it as a weapon, and its iron was rigid and sharp, which could be used as a tribute.

"Zhou Map" cloud: There is an iron mountain in Puting County, Zhuge Wuhou takes it as a sword, and Yuwendu is named the marquis of Tieshan.

"Jiading Mansion Chronicles": Iron Mountain comes from Renshou, spanning hundreds of miles between wells, Qian, Rong and Wei, producing iron. Wuhou took the weapon.

"Fangyu Minutes": Tiezuan Mountain is in the west of Chongning County, and Wuhou casts iron to drill here to make weapons.

"Fangyu Minutes": Tiexi Hezi Qiongzhou flows into Xinjin, injected into the Soojiang River, and it is said that Zhuge Wuhou once cooked iron here.

Moreover, when Zhuge Nan conquered Meng, he was stationed in the local area to build arrows, and it is said that the name of the archery furnace in Sichuan came from this.

"Sichuan Tongzhi": Xiwu Hou went on a southern expedition and ordered Guo Da to make arrows here, and its furnace still exists, so it is called the arrow furnace. From time to time, there are green sheep walking around the mountain, and the people dare not take it lightly. Although this is only a legend, it also confirms from the one hand that the Shu army has a large demand for bows and arrows.

Judging from the trajectory of Zhuge seeking iron ore, he went to the north of Shu many times to find iron ore and set up suitable iron-making places, including the origin of the name of Jianmen is also because it is said that he sent people to refine swords here, which also shows Zhuge 's intention in a certain way, and the iron-making place should be convenient for the Northern Expedition.