Educational reform is definitely the core and most essential field of the Chinese nation, because it involves ideological disputes. Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info

Confucianism and Taoism, which had dominated the country's educational sector for more than a millennium, achieved absolute dominance during the Han Dynasty and established its dominance in the Song Dynasty.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's deposition of Confucianism was definitely a major historical event, marking China's entry into the Confucian era. It's just that in the following dynasties, most of the most elite talents were not from Confucianism.

The talents that can be imagined, Cao Cao and other heroes during the Three Kingdoms period, none of them give people the impression of a Confucian student.

Civil officials such as Wei Zheng and Changsun Wuji in the Tang Dynasty really can't be regarded as Confucian scholars, they are all capable of slashing people.

It was not until the Song Dynasty that this situation changed, and during the Song Dynasty, even Wang Anshi and others, who advocated changing the law, also had a scholarly temperament.

This marks that in the Song Dynasty, the culture of scholars with Confucianism as the core was truly formed.

The most important reason is that Confucianism in the Song Dynasty has also developed to a mature stage, marked by the birth of Zhu Xi, the most powerful man in Confucianism after Confucius and Mencius.

And Zhu Xi himself became a figure called Zongdaozi, respected as Zhuzi, and science was called Zhuzixue.

Of course, the development of Song and Ming science is not the credit of Zhu Xi alone, he just pushed Confucianism to the peak and really made Confucianism dominant. After the fall of the Song Dynasty and the revival of the Ming Dynasty, Confucianism could still rule the thinking of the Chinese, and it has to be said that Zhu Xi played a great role.

Why did Confucianism become such a powerful ideological tool after the development of Confucianism to the Song and Ming dynasties, and the dominance of Confucianism became so powerful? The imperial examination is on the one hand, and the Hakka examination of the Four Books and Five Classics does give Confucianism a different status, which is equivalent to making Confucianism an official school, just like a certain religion being established as a state religion.

But this is not the fundamental reason, it should be said that it is because of the strong position of Confucianism that he can become the only content of the imperial examination, not because of the imperial examination that Confucianism is strong, and the imperial examination only strengthens and establishes this position.

Why is the science that really made Confucianism so powerful, what feudal superstitions criticized by later generations, what are the three outlines and five constants, and so on, which are the reasons why he is strong.

Some of these guidelines are indeed too harsh, but it is these things that establish the status of Confucianism.

There is a monk called Fa Xian, he is a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, hundreds of years earlier than Tang Seng, he went to Tianzhu from the Western Regions during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and he was hundreds of years earlier than Tang Seng to learn scriptures.

But Fa Xian didn't go to take the scriptures, he took the precepts of Buddhism. At that time, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms stood side by side, which was the most chaotic era in China, and the more chaotic the era, the more prosperous religion often became. However, Buddhism at that time was very chaotic, with various schools of thought coexisting and no certain rules.

In particular, the disciples of Buddhism have no rules, eat wine and meat, marry wives and have children, lend usury, and do everything, which has a very bad influence on the government. Let Fa Xian feel that Buddhism will not last long if it continues like this. So he wanted to go to Tianzhu to learn scriptures, in addition to retrieving millions of words of scriptures, the most important thing was to retrieve Tianzhu's Sangha precepts.

These precepts are not just the precepts that everyone likes to hear about not eating meat. What he contains is a whole set of Buddhist management methods, from the small ceremonies of ordination to the management of various temples in the world. Because of these precepts, Buddhism has been unified into a whole, rather than a single, non-interconnected temple, a monk with a copy of the spy can pass the world, to each temple can be a single life.

Zhu Xi's role in Confucianism is actually similar to that of Buddhism, and he established rules for Confucianism through these guidelines, so that scholars have a unified way of behavior, unified ideology, unified world view and cognition, although Confucianism failed to form a religion like Buddhism, but greatly strengthened the unity of this school of thought.

Without Zhu Xi and other masters of science, although Confucianism could still be widely spread, it would definitely not have the powerful ruling power of the Song and Ming dynasties.

For example, before the Song Dynasty, the emperors of the Tang Dynasty believed in Taoism very much, and the status of Confucius could not be compared with Laozi at all.

Zhu Xi and the others unified the minds of the readers through the program and discipline, which was called the righteousness of the hearts of the people in the readers' mouths, and the correction of the hearts of the readers through the program and discipline.

Now Zhu Jinglun plans to move this thing, which is really a very difficult thing and requires a lot of courage.

The most difficult thing is that the foundation of science is in the village association that ruled ninety percent of the population of the Ming Dynasty and was maintained and protected by the patriarchal system.

In the past, all of Zhu Jinglun's reforms only reached the county level, and at the beginning they only started from the easiest port areas, which were much more important than those of rural society, so the reforms were often limited to economic nature.

In China, the economy is often the best to change because the Chinese are very practical.

However, politics is more difficult to change, and the most difficult thing to change is the traditional customs based on ideology.

Even in the 21st century, the Chinese still maintain a considerable tradition in their thinking, with good traditions, such as paying attention to filial piety and attaching great importance to the family, at that time only Chinese could work outside the home all year round in order to support their wives and children.

There are also bad ones, that is, they have a weak concept of the legal system, they are not good at using the law to protect their rights and interests, and when they encounter unfair things, they do not seek the support of the law, and many times they still like to gather people to fight. When there was a medical dispute, I found seven aunts and eight aunts to besiege the hospital, and when there was a land requisition dispute, it was also the seven aunts and eight aunts who made nails together. In fact, these can be solved by legal means, but the law has decided, and if it is unfavorable to them, they also refuse to accept it, and they are still the seven aunts and eight aunts. Of course, on the other hand, the judicial organs themselves are not doing well and have no credibility.

In the course of reform, Zhu Jinglun also encountered obstacles in all aspects. From the earliest opening of the port to the recent construction of the railway, there has been violent resistance. He has been using various means to resolve the problem flexibly, and now he has basically opened all the ports that can be opened, and every county along the Pearl River has its own port. Even Wuzhou, in Guangxi, opened up to trade. The railways are also moving forward.

However, on the issue of education, the tug-of-war with traditional forces is still in the stage of stalemate.

As early as ten years ago, Zhu Jinglun had not openly rebelled, and when he was planning to open the imperial examination, he was met with the largest boycott. At that time, what was opposed was Zhu Jinglun's making Xu officials an official and the inclusion of mathematics in the exam.

In addition to these two things, there has been no collective petition from the old master for many years, and it is obvious that things such as building railways are not yet important in their opinion.

It is precisely because of this lesson that Zhu Jinglun has been extremely cautious in education in recent years, always avoiding confrontation with conservative forces, relying on the imperial examination to guide rural education on the one hand, and investing heavily in the construction of new-style schools in the bazaars on the other.

The American educator Jensen was not in a hurry, but he gave great affirmation to the development of Daming education. Affirming Daming's education is also affirming his work over the years. Jensen had always insisted on education, and that he should keep the traditions of his country, and in this respect he could tolerate the old masters, but the old masters did not like him the most.

This is probably due to the worldview of the Americans, who seem to want to give a liberal connotation to everything, so Jensen is very disgusted by the forced promotion of a uniform model of education, but this era is the era of compulsory education, and even the United States has introduced the Prussian model of education. But Jensen criticized this way, thinking that it made American children lose a lot, he missed the British education in the past, a tutor is responsible for all aspects of children's knowledge training, from Latin to mathematics, until the end of education, this one-to-one family education, tutors can not only develop targeted teaching methods according to the characteristics of children, but also cultivate feelings for a long time, so children who grow up in this education mode are often more humane.

As an educator, Jensen has his own philosophy, but this method can indeed cultivate high-level talents, but it is very detrimental to promotion. The British have always considered their education to be the most successful, and British universities are the only universities that can compare with American universities. But British education is a kind of elite education in the final analysis, and the elite has very good educational conditions, they can receive philosophy, music and other humanities education from an early age, and finally enter Cambridge and Oxford. But those children who grew up fighting in ordinary schools basically end up being scumbags.

Zhu Jinglun does not disapprove of this kind of elite education, but he feels that it is after completing basic education, because the cost of promoting this kind of elite education now is not something that the Ming Dynasty can afford, and the current British Empire cannot afford it, resulting in the British education popularization rate is not as good as Japan.

In fact, the dispute between elite education and universal education is the traditional apprenticeship system, and the modern factory dispute, whether to let the tutor teach students in the same way as an apprentice, or let the teacher spread knowledge in the same way as the assembly line of the factory to produce products, of course, there is a big difference in the educational effect.

Jensen's insistence on elite education is not unreasonable, but Zhu Jinglun clearly told him that what Daming wants is the popularization rate, even if ten elites can become talents, it is not as large as the final total number of only one hundred people who can become talents under universal education.

Jensen knew that the Ming Dynasty prioritized popularity, followed by the issue of elite education.

Therefore, he put forward a compromise suggestion, that is, do not break the traditional private school education, he believes that the kind of old master with a few or a dozen children, until they take the imperial examination, is a kind of elite education, he believes that the old masters can form a deep relationship with students in the process of teaching, and teaching by word and deed can also be more able to pass on the behavior and habits of teachers to the next generation.

It's just that this method is more useful for humanistic education, such as the traditional moral education based on Confucianism, an old master with a few students for several years, can always teach them, it is indeed better than this teacher teaching a year and that teacher teaching a year of grade system, more room for the teacher to play, because the teacher can formulate corresponding teaching methods according to the different learning situations of no students, some students have poor comprehension, some have strong comprehension, some progress is fast, some progress is slow, if the unified teaching materials, it is easy for some students to keep up with one step, unable to keep up step by step, and finally eliminated.

But there is another problem, in the past, private school classes were often taught by students of all sizes, and it was possible for a four- or five-year-old Mengtong to study with a teenager. If the old master has a high level and a strong sense of responsibility, then different methods will be formulated according to different students, and those who have learned will be taught to teach them to read; The composition of the essay teaches the writing skills of the eight-strand essay. Teach students according to their aptitude, and do not delay both.

But this method is the same as the English aristocratic education, that is, the efficiency is too low, even if a teacher is attentive, it is impossible to teach more than ten children at most.

The final improvement plan is that a teacher still only leads a group of students, and adopts a repeater system for those who obviously cannot keep up with the pace of their classmates. Let the teachers educate the students at a similar level of learning, so as to ensure that they need to choose within 10 teaching options. This allows one teacher to teach more than 30 students at the same time, which greatly improves efficiency.

Zhu Jinglun finally got the plan is like this, the more he looks at it, the more familiar he feels, it is not a repeater system, but after a teacher educates a class, he will teach this group of students until graduation, that is, a teacher only deals with a group of children in a few years, and a group of children only contact one teacher in primary school.

Zhu Jinglun suddenly thought, isn't this the popular follower system in later generations.