Chapter 1045: Taoism in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (1)

Zhuangzi's writings have been circulating among the people, among Taoist enthusiasts. There are many people who have an epiphany after reading Zhuangzi's writings. Therefore! He regarded the writings of Zhuangzi as a treasure and studied them frequently.

Most of Zhuangzi's writings are based on the interpretation of the scriptures, the scriptures of the ancestor Laozi.

Yang Zhu preached all his life and did not have time to write books. In his later years, when he lived in seclusion, he taught Zhuangzi everything he had learned in his life. Zhuangzi's interpretation of Laozi's scriptures is mostly based on Yang Zhu's interpretation.

There are only a few essays written by Zhuangzi himself, not by interpreting the scriptures.

Unfortunately, most of Zhuangzi's interpretations of the scriptures have been lost. What has been handed down is an article written by him himself.

But! We can also see in Zhuangzi's text that he commented on Laozi's scriptures. And! It's almost everywhere.

From the texts that have been handed down, it can be seen that Zhuangzi's philosophical ideas are different from those of Laozi. Zhuangzi's philosophical thought is the continuation of Laozi's philosophical thought, and it is the elaboration, expansion and extension of Laozi's philosophical thought.

Zhuangzi's philosophical thought is based on Lao Tzu's "Tao", which means man. According to the theory of Lao Tzu Dao, all things are extended, and people are extended. And then! Elaborate people!

Zhuangzi starts from the individual person and deconstructs society. Deconstruct society like Ku Ding Jieniu, but deconstructing society is not the purpose of Zhuangzi.

The purpose of dividing socialization into parts is to tell us the essence and characteristics of society, and to tell us that society and the state are composed of individual people.

Societies and states are institutions and organizations that temporarily appear in the course of human history, and they exist because they protect individual people. When the state apparatus cannot guarantee the survival and security of the people, the state apparatus loses its role and does not exist for the people. When the people no longer need the state as a machine to protect it, the state will no longer exist.

So! State institutions are a temporary part of the human development process, and it does not have to be a state. If you have to be dogmatic, if you think that saying this is anti-state and ******, if you put your hat on the word prison, there is no way.

But the historical facts are in front of us: when the state apparatus or the state apparatus cannot serve the people and cannot guarantee the people's right to exist, it is necessary to change the dynasty.

So! It is useless to be perfunctory, and it is useless to cover up and suppress people so that people do not say it. It can only prove that some people dare not admit it and linger. Their purpose is to continue to enjoy their temporary, personal pleasures in life.

Furthermore! Taoists say that these are not aimed at a particular person, nor are they aimed at the society of the time. But! It's about theory. Originally! That's it. The truth is there, and you can still not let people talk about it.

After Zhuangzi divided socialization into zero, he combined individual people to build a family, a clan, a group, an organization, and a state.

In fact! Families, clans, groups, organizations, and nations all emerge for the sake of survival and the reproduction of human beings. When a family, clan, group, organization, or state cannot guarantee a person's survival and reproduction, the individual person returns to the individual, and everything is classified to zero.

So! Later generations read Zhuangzi, and most brainless people and brainless scholars only saw that Zhuangzi only talked about the individual, not the collective.

Especially when I read the article introducing Yang Zhu, I didn't understand it. So! Yang Zhu's theory of "not pulling out a dime" has been misunderstood by many people. Therefore! was also scolded by the Confucian sub-sage Mencius.

Zhuangzi and Yang Zhu both put the individual in the main position, and both believed that we must first live for ourselves, then for our loved ones, and then for others and society.

That's what it is, we all live for ourselves, not for others and for society.

And everything in Confucianism is just to cater to social management.

Confucianism talks about "sacrificing one's life for righteousness", and Taoism also talks about "sacrificing one's life for righteousness", but Taoism and Confucianism have completely different understandings of "sacrificing one's life for righteousness". The Taoist sacrifice is for oneself, for those close to oneself, and only then for strangers.

In a word, it gives people the feeling that Taoism is for oneself and Confucianism is for the public.

In fact! More people are holding Confucian signs, not Confucianism. More often people say that they are Confucian, they are speaking to others, and they are using Confucian requirements to demand how others behave, and they themselves are above all this.

They pay lip service to the public, but in reality they are just as private. Just use the state apparatus, power, laws, morality, etc., to oppress others. At this time, Confucianism became a doctrine to be used. These people use Confucianism to suppress the world, as Zhuangzi says in one of his articles.

That article should be "Thief" in the outer part of Zhuangzi's book!

"The Thief" should not be a forgery, it should be written by Zhuangzi himself. Because! He conforms to Zhuangzi's thought and Zhuangzi's philosophical understanding of Confucianism.

It can be seen from this that Taoism is true and Confucianism is hypocritical.

Of course! Taoism is theoretically true and tells the truth. In social practice, this is not the case. It is necessary to protect oneself, and it is necessary to keep oneself alive. So! Taoists generally abide by the law and avoid danger.

It is precisely because Lao Zhuang's philosophy interprets people from the perspective of individual people, so! Only when there is social chaos and personal setbacks do people pick up Lao Zhuang's philosophy and study it carefully. People in good times are reluctant to think deeply about life.

So! There has always been a saying that when life is proud, it is Confucianism that is believed. When I was disappointed in life, I believed in Taoist teachings.

This statement should have been popular since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Because! Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "respected Confucianism alone", he fed a large number of bureaucrats. Feeding generations of bureaucrats who have infiltrated the government only for themselves and not for the people, they have made full use of the power of the state to oppress the people, to preach to the people and to be above themselves.

So! These pseudo-Confucians tried their best to maintain Confucianism. In fact! They do not maintain Confucianism, but maintain their own position, maintain their share of wealth, and maintain their own life superior to the people.

It is precisely for this reason that the troubled times came, and Lao Zhuang's philosophy was hot again.

Since the Lao Zhuang philosophy was spread to the world, it has gone through the chaotic period of the end of the Warring States Period, Qin Shi Huang, Qin II, and the establishment of the Han Dynasty, and has been widely spread. Because of the war, more people are studying Lao Zhuang, looking for life theories from it, and surviving in the cracks.

After learning Lao Zhuang philosophy, especially after learning Zhuangzi philosophy, as long as you understand it correctly, you can survive well.

Life! Isn't it just to live and complete the process of this life? What's so hard about it? Isn't it?

However, when the Taoist doctrine reached the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu proposed to "depose the hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone", which was allowed and promoted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and began to hide the general. Thereafter! Confucianism became the mainstream culture in China.

In fact! It was Confucianism that used political means and the power of the state apparatus to forcibly promote it, and it was not the desire of the people.

Yang Zhu said: In troubled times, soldiers are used, the world is governed, Confucianism is used in prosperous times, and Taoism is used to govern the heart. In the heyday, it was possible to promote Confucianism, but! Confucianism is not a philosophy of life, but only a method of governing the world. And! It's not a static method, it's a way to adapt to the times. So! Confucianism can govern the world, but Taoism must be used to govern the mind.

If Confucianism violates this article, it is bound to fail.

Outcome! In the face of human history, the Han Dynasty soon perished.

In the face of human history, the Han Dynasty was very short!

It turns out! Confucianism departed from Taoism and was bound to fail.

A philosophy that fails to correctly interpret "why people live" and "what people live for", and a philosophy that fails to point out the correct direction of human life will eventually withdraw from the stage of human history.

The demise of the Han Dynasty represented the failure of Confucianism, which could not lead mankind to a healthy and happy life.

With the fall of the Han Dynasty, the land of China entered a period of chaos, and later generations called this period "Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties".

The society is in chaos, and someone has picked up Lao Zhuang's philosophy again. That's it: when you are proud of life, you believe in Confucianism. When I was disappointed in life, I believed in Taoist teachings.

Xiang Xiu is one of them.

He likes to talk about the learning of Lao Zhuang, and notes "Zhuangzi", "Wonderful analysis and strange chic, great and smooth Xuanfeng" ("The World Speaks New Language?"). Literature). The note passed away before it was completed, and Guo Xiang inherited the remnants of his "Zhuangzi" and wrote 33 chapters of "Zhuangzi Note".

(End of chapter)

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