Xiang Xiu, 227-272. The character period, Hanoi Huairen, one of the seven sages of the Wei and Jin Bamboo Forest. The official is a waiter at the Yellow Gate, and a regular attendant with a loose horse. He is good at reading, and is kind to Ji Kang, Lu An and others, and lives in seclusion.

In the fourth year of Jingyuan (263), after experiencing the great grief and pain of Ji Kang and Lu An being killed by Sima, Xiang Xiu was enlightened in melancholy and confusion, and realized in depression and wandering, and his mood tended to be more calm and quiet, and he carefully expounded the spirit of Zhuangzi's thoughts.

Xiang Xiu also wrote "Zhou Yi Note", which is said to be "righteous and considerable", but "the superb "Zhuang" is not hidden", and the two notes are now gone. There is also an article on "Uncle Ji's Night Health Regimen", which is included in "Ji Zhong's Scattered Collection"; "Thinking of the Old Fu" is stored in the biography of "Anthology" and "Book of Jin". After he arrived in Luoyang, he devoted himself to the study of Zhuangzi's thought. Closed doors, attentive notes.

Regarding Xiang Xiu's note "Zhuangzi", there is also an interesting episode.

When commenting on Xiang Xiu, Ji Kang said that the mysteries in the "Zhuangzi" would be stiffened by the commentary, and there was no good note before, so it was better to persuade Xiang Xiu not to note. Later, Xiang Xiu's note was basically written, and he took it out to show him, and he knew that Xiang Note made the metaphysics of "Zhuangzi" more wonderful. Therefore! I was greatly impressed by Xiang Xiu's talent.

After Xiang Xiu's death, his son was still young, and he did not shine his father's annotations to the world, and Guo Xiang took away the manuscript.

Guo Xiang "self-annotated "Autumn Water", "Zhile" two articles, and Yi "Horseshoe" one, the rest of the articles, or fixed-point sentences", in his own name all over the world.

This incident is seen in "The World Speaks New Language? Literature", "Book of Jin" for this. For thousands of years, when the world talked about the commentary of the Zhuangzi, they regarded Guo Xiang as everyone and ignored Xiang Xiu.

Jin Book Volume Fifty? Original text of Biography 20:

Guo Xiang, the word Zixuan, has few talents, good "old" and "Zhuang", and can speak clearly. Taiwei Wang Yan every cloud: "Listening to the elephant language, like a hanging river pouring water, the injection is inexhaustible." "The state and county are called, not enough. Often idle, entertaining himself with literary theories. Later, he opened Situ Peng, and went to the Yellow Gate to serve the lang. The king of the East China Sea was introduced as the master of the Taifu, and he even saw the pro-committee, so he took office and took power, scorched the inside and outside, and went from the plain theory. Yongjia died of illness at the end of the year, and wrote twelve articles on the tablet. First of all, there are dozens of people who note "Zhuangzi", and they can't investigate its purpose. Xiang Xiu is outside the old note and interprets, the wonderful performance is wonderful, and the wind is free, but the two articles of "Autumn Water" and "Zhile" are unfinished and show off. Xiuzi is young, and his righteousness is scattered, but it is quite different. It is like a thin line for people, and it is not passed on to the world to show righteousness, so it is stolen as its own note, but it is self-annotated "Autumn Water", "Zhile" two articles, and Yi "Horseshoe" one, and the rest of the articles or point to the sentence. Later, Xiuyi did not come out, so now there is a direction, Guo Er's "Zhuang", and its righteousness is also.

According to the Book of Jin? Guo Xiang Biography records that he "has few talents, is a good old man, and can speak clearly".

"The World Speaks a New Language? The Literary Chapter says that he is "very talented".

Regarding Guo Xiang's "copying" of Xiang Xiu's "Zhuangzi", we should look at the difference between the contents of the two, and do not completely believe in the "Historical Records". Sima Qian's "Historical Records" is so rigorous and serious, there are erroneous records, not to mention other people's "historical records".

So! Regarding Guo Xiang's "plagiarism", future generations should look at it rationally, and do not use false rumors to discredit a person's academic achievements.

Wang Bi, the heir of the word, was born in 226 A.D. (the seventh year of Emperor Wen of Wei) and died in 249 A.D. (the first year of King Jiaping of Wei Qi), a native of Shanyang County of Cao Wei of the Three Kingdoms (now Jinxiang County, Shandong).

Wang Bi used to be Shang Shulang, a young man with a literary name, and his works mainly include "Lao Tzu Note" and "Lao Tzu Finger Strategy" to interpret "Lao Tzu", as well as "Zhou Yi Note" and "Zhou Yi Brief Example" to interpret the thought of "Zhou Yi".

Wang Bi, born in a bureaucratic family, his great-grandfather was Liu Biao, one of the "Eight Juns" in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and a pastor in Jingzhou.

According to the "Three Kingdoms? Wei Shu? Zhong Hui Biography" notes "Naturalist" and "Naturalist? "Examination of Names", "Biography of Wang Bi" and other records: In the chaos of the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Bi's grandfather Wang Kai and his brother Wang Cang avoided the chaos in Jingzhou and attached themselves to Liu Biao, and Liu Biao regained his talent. wants to be a wife, but thinks that her appearance is ugly, and she is not a son-in-law, so she marries her daughter to Wang Kai. Kai has a style. Kai gives birth to a child, and the industry gives birth to a bi. Bi is the great-grandson of Liu Biao.

HE Yan (?) -249), the word Uncle Ping. A native of Nanyang Wan (now Nanyang, Henan). During the Three Kingdoms period, he was a metaphysician and minister of the Wei State. The grandson of the Eastern Han Dynasty general He Jin ("Wei Luo" believes that he may be the grandson of He Jin's younger brother He Miao). His father died early, and Cao Cao accepted his mother Yin as a concubine, so He Yan was adopted and favored by Cao Cao. When he was a teenager, he was famous for his talent, liked the words of Lao and Zhuang, and married Cao Cao's daughter Princess Jinxiang.

Main works: "Collected Explanations of the Analects", "Treatise on Morality", etc.

For more than 300 years in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the regime changed rapidly, and usurpation was frequent, so the politics were chaotic and the people were not able to make a living. Coupled with foreign invasions, the lives of the people were miserable and the people's lives were hard. Ordinary people could not find a way out in real life, but turned to religion and sought solace in their souls. Thereupon! Religions flourished, and Buddhism arose in this context.

Buddhism is a foreign religion that is said to have been introduced to China from the end of the Western Han Dynasty. Maybe? Probably earlier than that.

Taoism is one of the major religions in China, which was formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty and became popular in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

Taoists respect one of the founders, Zhang Daoling, as the Heavenly Master, so it is also called "the Tao of the Heavenly Master". Later, it divided into many factions.

Taoism regards Lao Tzu as the ancestor and respectfully calls him "Taishang Laojun". Because the "Tao" is the highest belief, it is believed that the "Tao" is the origin of all things in the universe, hence the name.

The "Five Buckets of Rice Dao" founded by Zhang Daoling in the Eastern Han Dynasty was the beginning of the stereotyping of Taoism.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, religious forms were gradually perfected. Worship Lao Dan as the ancestor, and be honored as "Taishang Laojun". The Tao Te Ching (i.e., Lao Tzu), the Zhengyi Jing and the Taiping Cave Jing are the main classics.

The ancient ancestors believed that all things are animist, and then produced the worship of nature, the worship of the soul, and the worship of the ancestors, and slowly developed to the unity of the ancestors and the gods, becoming the prototype of the supreme god.

The worship of ghosts and gods has existed as early as the primitive society, and the ancestors regarded the sun, moon and stars, wind, rain, thunder and lightning, mountains, rivers and mountains as the masters of gods, so they had a sense of awe and worshiped them. At that time, in addition to believing that all things have animism and gave rise to nature worship, the ancestors also believed that the soul of a person is immortal after death, so the worship of ghosts and gods arose.

The late Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin dynasties were an important period for the development of Taoism in China.

Ge Hong, a famous Taoist scholar of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, has an important position in the Taoist system. Ge Hong himself is also considered an important figure in Taoism and plays an important role in the development of the Taoist school.

Ge Hong, 284~364 AD, was a Taoist scholar of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a famous alchemist, and a pharmacist. The word Zhichuan, self-proclaimed hugging Puzi. Han nationality, a native of Jurong, Danyang County, Jin Dynasty (now Jurong County, Jiangsu). The grandnephew of Ge Xuan, a scholar of the Three Kingdoms, is known as the little fairy Weng. He was once named the Marquis of Guannei, and later lived in seclusion in Luofu Mountain for alchemy. He is the author of "Behind the Elbow", etc.

Main works: "Behind the Elbow", "Hug Puzi". Major achievements: studied Taoism, studied medicine, wrote books, and was good at acupuncture.

Ge Hong was born in the Jiangnan Shi clan, lost his father at the age of 13, and his family became poor. He exchanged the proceeds from chopping wood for pen and paper, and copied books and studied in his spare time, often late at night. Therefore, the villagers called him a person who hugged Pu, and he took "Hug Puzi" as his name. He is introverted, not good at social travel, only studies behind closed doors, and has a wide range of knowledge.