Songtsen Gampo (Willy: Srong-btsan Sgam-po, Tibetan pinyin: Songzain Gambo; 617-650). "New Tang Dynasty Book" is used to abandon Zongzong and abandon Zongnong, "Shufu Yuangui" is used as Zong Praise, Song Song, and Bufu Praise, and "General Dictionary" is to abandon Su Nongzan. A native of Poor Wadaze (present-day Qiongjie, Shannan Region, Tibet). According to the unearthed Tibetan document of the Tibetan chronicle of the Tibetan events, Songtsen Gampo died in 649 (the first year of Yonghui of Tang Gaozong in Han Chinese, 650), and reigned in Zampu for more than 20 years.

According to Tibetan tradition, Songtsen Gampo was the 33rd Tsangpo of the Tibetan Dynasty, and was actually the founding monarch of the Tibetan Dynasty. During his reign (629-650), he moved his capital to Lhasa, Tibet, pacified the civil strife in Tibet, subjugated Yangtong, unified Tibet, and formally established the Tubo Kingdom ruled by slave owners. He developed agricultural and animal husbandry production, popularized irrigation, ordered people to formulate a written language, issued a "great decree" to govern Tibet, to deal with the relationship between the Zampu royal family and the nobles, small states and social strata, created an administrative system and a military system, set up official ranks, promulgated laws and decrees, unified weights and measures and taxation systems, promoted the comprehensive political, economic and cultural development of Tibet, established the political, military, economic and legal systems of Tibet, and introduced Buddhism from the Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu. In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (641), Songtsen Gampo went to Baihai (now Zhaling Lake and Erling Lake in Qinghai) to marry Princess Wencheng, the daughter of the Tang clan. Tang named him the commander of the horse and the king of Xihai County. Songtsen Gampo also sent the children of the nobles to Chang'an to study in the country, learn poetry and books, and asked the Central Plains scholars to take charge of their expressions. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, Songtsen Gampo offered 15 kinds of gold, silver and jewelry, which promoted the exchange of Sino-Tibetan culture.

"Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents" evaluation: All the pure and good customs of Tubo, virtuous political affairs, all appeared when the king of Songtsan (Songtsan Gampo) appeared.

His real name is Songtsen Gampo, also known as Abandoning Zong Rongzan, Abandoning Zongnong, Qizong Nongzan, Qisong Rongzan, Bufu Nongzan, Abandoning Su Nongzan's EraTang Dynasty (Tubo) Ethnic GroupsTibetan Birthplace Yalongzha Yuanchuan Bamu Duling PalaceBorn in 617 and Died in 650 yearsThe main achievements were to unify Tibet, formally establish the Tubo Dynasty, reform the political and military systems, and establish the Tubo religion Buddhism in the first year of Sui Yining (617). Songtsen Gampo was born in the palace of the king of Jinba Muduling in the garden of Yalongza (now located in Jiama Township, Mozhugongka County, Lhasa City).

His father, Langri Songtsen, was the 32nd Zampu of the Tubo Dynasty. When he was 3 years old, his father led his army to exterminate the Subi tribe, unified the Tibetan plateau, and rose from the head of a small state in the southern part of the mountains to the monarch of the Tibetan tribes.

Songtsen Gampo's mother name is Sagham. Tibetan legend has it that he was intelligent, resolute, and versatile since he was a child, so his ministers were given the honorific title Songtsen Gampo. Some historical records also praise him as "a generous and talented man", "a man of great martial arts", "a man of many heroes", "a master of craftsmanship, calculus, and martial arts", and a smart and talented hero. The reason why Songtsen Gampo was able to become such a figure is inseparable from his family and the edification and education he received.

He is the only son of Langri Lunzan, the legal successor of Tubo Zanpu, and his family and Tubo subjects have high hopes for him, hoping that he can bring greater happiness and development to the country and the people. From an early age, he received rigorous training in riding archery, fencing, martial arts, etc., and after the age of ten he became a warrior with excellent martial arts. In terms of cultural accomplishment, he can recite the lineage of Zampu and is very familiar with historical heroes and legends. He liked Tibetan folk songs, was good at poetry creation, and often improvised poems at banquets, and his works were the earliest Tibetan literary works in circulation.

Langri was very concerned about the cultivation of Songtsen Gampo's moral character. The friends he chose for him were all people with good moral character, good behavior, honesty and prudence, such as the famous Tibetan minister Shang Nang, one of them. They often ride and shoot together, go hunting, sing, dance, and also like to play games such as Lubo and Go. Although Songtsen Gampo was a prince, he treated his friends with sincerity, and his personality was bold and not arrogant, so he won the hearts of the people.

After Songtsen Gampo was born, he lived a luxurious and privileged life in the court. At that time, Qiongba was not only the political center, but also the economy was very prosperous, merchants gathered, salt, cloth, and ornaments such as pine ear stones, pearls and emeralds, and rare items were also transported here, and all kinds of treasures and specialties were stored in the warehouses of the royal palace to meet the needs of the royal family, and Songtsen Gampo spent his childhood in this material condition.

Relying on the power of the former Subi nobles such as Qi Zanggu, Ba Yuzebu, and Nong Zhongbo, Langri Lunzan annexed the Jiqu River valley and other places, giving them lands and slaves, so that the status of the new nobles surpassed that of the old nobles, and the royal power was greatly enhanced. However, it violated the interests of the old nobles and aroused the dissatisfaction of the old ministers of Tibet, who were resentful and conspired to rebel. In the third year of Tang Zhenguan (629), the old nobles raised troops together to rebel, Dabo, Gongbu, Niangbo and other areas were occupied by the rebels, Yangtong in the west of Tubo, the enemy country Subi also echoed with the old nobles inside and outside, Prince Subi returned to Zangbo to take the opportunity to carry out the "restoration" activities, they combined with the old nobles of Subi, raised troops to expel the officials and garrisons of Qiongpo Bangse, sent troops to attack Tubo, and the newly built Tubo Kingdom faced a new crisis.

At this time, Songtsen Gampo was only twelve years old, and in this sudden moment of crisis, he ascended to the throne of Zampu with the support of his uncle and ministers such as his close ministers such as the prime minister Shannang. On the one hand, he adhered to the area of Shannan Qiongjie and Zedang, and on the other hand, he tracked down the people who conspired to poison his father, and after some investigation, he found out that several people led by him, eliminated many old nobles, and eliminated the hostile forces in the court, and the situation quickly stabilized. The power of the old nobles gradually weakened, and the attack of Yangtong was also resisted by the forces of the Niang clan in the Nianchu River region.

After the situation stabilized, Songtsen Gampo personally crossed the Brahmaputra River to inspect the Jiqu River valley area, and was welcomed and supported by some nobles and common people. The people of the Pengyu region paid tribute to him and pledged their allegiance to him, and the northern region was consolidated. Songtsen Gampo saw a wide range of people who supported him, and his confidence in reunifying Tibet increased. Some of the great nobles saw that Songtsen Gampo was young and behaved very conceitedly, and Songtsen Gampo fought with them in order to recruit and train soldiers. As a prince, Songtsen Gampo's arrogance and willfulness were suppressed, and his personality became taciturn, young and old, which is more in line with the honorific title of "Songtsen Gampo". The Tibetan word "Songtsen" means dignified dignity, and "dry cloth" means profound and magnificent.

After three years, the army was very elite, and in about the sixth year of Zhenguan (632), he began to send troops to quell the rebellion. With the people's hearts surrendered and the soldiers used their lives, the rebellion was quickly quelled, the places occupied by the rebels were captured, and the old nobles were defeated and surrendered. In this way, Songtsen Gampo completely brought the land, people, and army they occupied under the rule of Zampu, and the unity of Tibet was restored. The old aristocracy was hit hard, and they lost their original privileges.

After Songtsen Gampo put down the rebellion, he had the idea of moving the capital. When he toured the Pengyu region in the north, he went to the Luo area, where the dangerous geographical situation, the beautiful wilderness, and the majestic Potala Mountain made him very fond of it. Before he put down the rebellion, he had recruited soldiers here, trained the army, established a deep relationship with the tribal leaders and people here, and won their support, and he was a member of the tribe here to quell the rebellion, and if he wanted to control this force, he could not stay away from this area. Although the area of Qiongjie and Zedang in Shannan is the birthplace of Tibet, there are ancestral graves there, but because of the murder of Lang Ri Lunzan, he has always been suspicious of the old nobles there.

Compared with the small and narrow Yalong River Valley, the Jiqu River Valley is more extensive, and the Luoxu (present-day Lhasa, Tibet) is located in the lower reaches of the Jiqu River, which is the center of the Peng region, and was once the base of Subi, and has the status of the political center of the Tibetan Plateau. There are Nianqing Tanggula Mountain as a barrier in the north, Niangbo, Gongbu and other places in the east, Yangtong in the west, and Yalong River Valley in the south, with a moderate location. Moving the capital to Luo is more conducive to the defense of Subi in the north and Yangtong in the west. Due to the above considerations, after quelling the rebellion, Songtsen Gampo and the Great Minister Shangnang and others met the situation and decided to move the capital to Luo.

In the seventh year of Zhenguan (633), to adapt to the situation, Songtsen Gampo moved the capital from Shannan Qiongjie to Luo. With the migration of the capital, many tribes living in the mountains also moved to live in the plains, and more people engaged in farming, and the nomadic herding in the past also changed to sedentary herding to promote the development of production. The relocation of the capital to Tibet enabled Tibet to truly possess the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau and to control the Quartet in the center, thus providing favorable conditions for Tibet's development and prosperity. After the relocation of the capital, large areas of farmland appeared in the plains, cattle and sheep were everywhere, and horses were fat.

As the Tibetan state grew stronger, Songtsen Gampo began his plan to unify the Tibetan Plateau. At that time, among the Qiang in the north of Tibet, the largest was Subi, and after the rebellion was suppressed, although the attack of Subi was stopped, its threat still existed. Therefore, Songtsen Gampo decided to send Shang Nang, a prime minister with political and military talents, to conquer Subi. After defeating the resistance of the Subi, Shang Nang adopted the method of appeasement, propagated the policy of Songtsen Gampo to accept the followers, and treated the common people of Subi as well as the households of the Tubo headquarters, so that they could live and work in peace and contentment; The Subi nobles were allowed to keep their own territory and pay tribute according to the regulations, so they soon surrendered the Subi tribes, and from then on the territory of Tibet expanded to the south of Qinghai.

In the southwest of Tibet, there is a sheep (also known as Zhangxiong) in the south of Hetian, and when Lang Ri praised it, he had married with Tubo. After the rebellion was quelled, Songtsen Gampo personally conscripted Yangtong, and Yangtong surrendered to Tibet again. Songtsen Gampo married his sister Saimaga to the king of Yangtong as his concubine and enveloped him. In the twelfth year of Zhenguan (638), when Songtsen Gampo attacked Tuyuhun and marched to the Tang border, Yangtong also sent troops to accompany the expedition, and also met with the Tubo envoys to meet Tang Taizong.

However, the king of Yangtong was unwilling to serve in Tibet, and was deeply resentful of the expropriation of property, and repeatedly carried out anti-Tibetan activities and military conflicts. The king of the sheep was estranged from Saimaga and favored the original princess, and Saimaga was also determined to destroy the king of the sheep. In the eighteenth year of Zhenguan (644), Songtsen Gampo sent troops to attack Yangtong, killed the king of Yangtong, and all the people of Yangtong were attached to Tubo and accepted as a people. In this way, Songtsen Gampo completed the unification of the Tibetan plateau. Later, the economic and cultural relations between the Yangtong people and the people in Tibet became closer, and they gradually merged to form a unified Tibetan nationality, so that China's western frontier was developed.

After moving the capital to Luo, the Nepalese state of Nepal at the southern foot of the Himalayas also began to communicate with Tibet. At that time, Nipolo had entered the feudal society, and the economy and culture were very developed. In the fourth year of Zhenguan (630), King Yang Vamo became a regent, and implemented a mercantile policy and vigorously developed foreign trade. In order to sell handicrafts to Tibet and trade with Tibet, he took the initiative to send envoys to Tibet to hire them. In order to build the capital, Songtsen Gampo needed the help of the Nipola people, so he immediately agreed.

During the construction of the Red Palace on the top of the Potala Mountain, many mud Polo craftsmen were recruited. In the twelfth year of Zhenguan (638), Songtsen Gampo proposed to Nipolo. In the thirteenth year of Zhenguan (639), the king of Yangvamo married his daughter Princess Chizun to Songtsen Gampo. In the same year, Songtsen Gampo sent Lu Dongzan, Tunmi and others to Nipolo to marry Princess Qizun. When the princess entered Tibet, she brought the statue of Shakya Buddha, a glazed treasure bowl, a treasure of silk, and male and female servants. The entry of Princess Chizun into Tibet made the relationship between Tubo and Nipolo more intimate.

After Songtsen Gampo wiped out these two kingdoms, he not only eliminated the threat from the west and north, but also helped to replenish the Tibetan soldiers, military rations, and horses, so that it obtained an army with strong combat effectiveness, which provided a material guarantee for the development and strength of the Tibetan kingdom.

After quelling the civil strife, conquering Zhuqiang, and reunifying Tibet, the politically far-sighted Songtsen Gampo took the initiative to send envoys to the neighboring country of Nibora (present-day Nepal) to trade with each other, sell handicrafts, and hire craftsmen and artists to teach them architecture, painting, and carving. On the one hand, get in touch with the Tang Dynasty. It has established and developed close friendship between the Tibetan and Han ethnic groups. At that time, under the rule of Li Shimin, an outstanding statesman and military strategist in the history of our country, the Tang Dynasty in the Central Plains summed up the experience and lessons of history, implemented a series of policies conducive to the national economy and people's livelihood, and promoted a high degree of socio-economic and cultural development, strong national strength, and far-reaching prestige.

Songtsen Gampo had a profound effect on the Tang Dynasty, and in the eighth year of Zhenguan (634), he sent an envoy to Chang'an to greet the Tang Dynasty. Tang Taizong sent an envoy Feng Deyao with a letter to pay his respects. Songtsen Gampo was very happy to see Feng Deyao. Songtsen Gampo heard that Tudian and Tuyuhun were married to princesses of the Tang Dynasty, so he sent an envoy to follow Feng Deyao into the court, sent a golden treasure, and proposed marriage. At that time, Tang Taizong did not agree. After the envoy returned, he said to Songtsen Gampo: "When I first arrived in the great country (Tang Dynasty), I was very kind to me and allowed to marry a princess. It happened that King Tuyuhun entered the dynasty and sowed discord in the middle, so he was not allowed to marry a princess. So Songtsen Gampo joined forces with the sheep and sent troops to fight Tuyuhun, but Tuyuhun could not resist and fled to Qinghai

In the autumn of the twelfth year of Zhenguan (638), Songtsan Gampo led the Tubo army to attack Songzhou in the Tang Dynasty, Taizong sent the official department Shangshu Hou Junji as the general manager of the camp of Dangmi Road, the general of the right leading army was the general of the Bailan Road march, the left Wuwei general Niu Jinda was the general of the broad water road march, and the right leading general Liu Lan was the general of the Taohe Road march, and led 50,000 cavalry to attack it. The main force of the Tang Army, Hou Junji, has not yet made a move, and the Tang Army's vanguard Niu Jinda has already defeated the Tubo Army. Niu Jinda led a small number of Tang troops to attack the Tubo military camp, and still captured more than 1,000 Tubo heads (the light soldiers attacked the Tubo military camp too late to take away the heads of most of the killed enemies, and in this case the number of enemies killed was far more than the number of beheadings), showing strong combat effectiveness, Songtsen Gampo was terrified, and led his troops to withdraw from the party, Bailanqiang, Tuyuhun and other places, and sent envoys to apologize. Songtsen Gampo sent his prime minister, Lu Dongzan, to give a gift of 5,000 taels of gold and hundreds of other treasures. Tang Taizong married Princess Wencheng (the daughter of the clan) to Songtsen Gampo.

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