Sun returned to the camp with a dragon and Yang Liu, and the stuffy man had already dealt with Battle's affairs, and was waiting for Lord Lidel's praise with great joy. Pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info

Sun Yi couldn't laugh or cry.

It's a good thing that Stuffy allied himself with Battle and united against the bandits. But this guy went to war with people according to the routine in the play, and Sun Yi could only be speechless.

In the past few days, Sun Yi found that the officers and soldiers in his battalion generally did not have military literacy. Ri Falling Sky has only served as a hundred households, and Yang Liu has only served as a small banner, and their military knowledge is also limited to the corresponding level, and they have no experience in large-scale military deployment and logistics support.

And he is not as good as these two, these two have also fought, Sun Yi has never even participated in group fights in his life, except for a few fights in his life, and he will actually arrange for the king in front of him to fight according to the routine in the play to guard the camp.

And the stuffy guy is just lucky, he has formed an alliance with others, and he doesn't know the details of his allies.

The allies set camp in the distance, and Sun Yi went to "welcome" with a stuffy egg and a dragon who knew Mongolian language, and "crossed the road" by the way.

It turned out that the allies were a group of grassland people who had fled the war, and had been half-pasting and half-farming in the upper reaches of the Shennong River for three years. Since they settled here, there have been sporadic bandits in the reeds across the Shennong River. They used to be "at peace" with the bandits, who would regularly come to them to "rob" and "kidnap tickets", and they were also used to "being robbed" and paying "ransoms" on a regular basis. If there is an objection to the amount of "robbery" and "ransom", the two parties can also "negotiate". However, in recent years, the scale of bandits has increased, and the number of "robberies" and "kidnappings" has increased.

This time the bandits kidnapped a boy and asked for two stone millet seeds, "one nine". It was the season of green and yellow, and before the millet was harvested, they gathered two stones of buckwheat and nine sheepskins. Unexpectedly, the bandits didn't even say hello, and after receiving the ransom, they actually cut off the child's ear. After they "found" the child according to the location notified by the bandits, the child died of blood loss that night.

Originally dissatisfied with the increasing burden, this time the bandits cut off the hostages' ears without consultation, and the grassland people were angry.

The three of them set out on a raft that night, and went down the river to find the bandits, and more people would come by land on horseback.

As for the origin of this group of grassland people, Battle only said one thing about one dragon:

"We are all Jinguo people."

A dragon will understand it completely.

Sun Yi was immediately completely confused.

- This Jin country is not another Jin country, because it involves the history of the grassland, which is a long story.

At this time, the northern nomads, nominally still the "Yuan Dynasty", had actually fallen into the "Warring States Era" of the division of princes.

The original Northern Yuan Dynasty was divided into two branches, Tatar and Warat, which were located in the north of the Ming Dynasty, while Warat moved westward to the area of Xinjiang in later generations. The Wolf Mountain River can be said to be between the two parts, and it can also be said to be the westernmost part of the Tatar department.

Tatar is a lineage of Genghis Khan - Tore - Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty - Great Khan of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, which can be understood as the descendant of Genghis Khan's golden family. The word Tatar is named after the headquarters of the Great Khan - "Chahar Tatar".

Inside the Tatars, there are also many princes. The influence of the titular co-master, the Great Khan of Chahar, was confined to Chahar proper.

In 1507 (the second year of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty), the golden family gave birth to a pair of dragon and phoenix twins.

My sister's name is "Menggun'er", which means "silver" in Mongolian.

The younger brother's name was "Altan", which means "gold" in Mongolian.

At the age of thirteen, Altan followed his brother to fight in the north and south. Altan's territory is getting bigger and bigger, and his people are fighting more and more.

In 1547, when Altan was forty years old, he forced the Chahar tribe to move eastward. The territory controlled by Altan starts from Xuanda in the east, reaches the Wolf Mountain in the west, reaches the desert in the north, and borders the Great Wall in the south, which is called the Altan Khanate, and is in the north of the three border towns of Datong, Xuanfu and Shanxi in the Ming Dynasty. The twelve tribes controlled by Altan are called the Twelve Tumuts.

Altan's elder brother was Jinong of Mongolia, equivalent to the deputy Khan of Mongolia, who ruled the Ordos tribe and was located in the north of Yansui and Ningxia in the Ming Dynasty. After the death of his elder brother, Altan became the overlord of the steppes who actually controlled Tumut and Ordos.

In order to solve the food supply, Altan vigorously recruited Han Chinese out of the fortress. These Han Chinese include the rebellious border troops of the Ming Dynasty, the fleeing White Lotus cultists, the population of Altan who have entered the customs and plundered the customs, and the border people who took the initiative to take refuge.

Altan's policy towards the Han Chinese outside the border was extremely lenient. "Let it chase water and grass for animal husbandry", "the annual cultivation is only (Na) a bag of millet and a few bundles of grass, and there is no other errand service". As a result, these Han people "forgot to return to the land" and "made it easy to be vulgar". For a time, the fields and acres of Altan Khan were connected, and the chickens and dogs heard each other, and they actually achieved food self-sufficiency, which was unprecedented in the nomadic tribe. At that time, the people in the border "either because of hunger, or because of exploitation by lawsuits, or because of crimes, so they joined the other side to escape this trouble." The people who went out of the border "took the wrong toe", which shows the large number of people.

"Reading the Minutes of History Fangyu" recorded: "At the beginning of Jiajing, the Chinese traitors who escaped from the border raised the board to build a wall, built a house to live, and called for the board to rise, with more than 100,000 people. South to the side wall, north to Qingshan, east to Weining Sea, west to the bank of the Yellow River, north to south 400 li, east to west more than 1,000 li. Looking at Pingchuan, there is no danger of mountains and streams, cultivating the market, flowers and willows and vegetable gardens, which are no different from China. ”

The Han Chinese in the territory of the Altan Khanate translated the Altan Khanate as "Jin State" and Altan Khan as - "Jin Khan".

Not only is agriculture developed, but infrastructure construction is also developing. In the twenty-fifth year of Jiajing (1546), Altan Khan sent people to the border to recruit carpenters, painters, and ironworkers, and "went to Fengzhou to build a city". In the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing, five towers and eight large plates were built. In the forty-fourth year of Jiajing, "the big board was built to ascend the city". In the sixth year of Longqing (1572), the imitation of the Yuan capital built Kuku and Tun.

The Han intellectuals of the Jin State advised Altan, formulated regulations, and formulated a perfect legal system - known as the "Altan Khan Code" in history, also known as the "Jin Khan Code".

In the fourth year of Longqing (1570), the grandson of Altan Khan suddenly defected to Datong Town in the Ming Dynasty because of a woman and asked for "political asylum", which profoundly changed the long-term hostile relationship between Altan and the Ming Dynasty.

The two sides began to negotiate at the same time, and the final result was the historical "Longqing Peace" and "I Answer Tribute" (the Ming Dynasty transliterated Altan as I answer).

The Ming Dynasty returned Altan Khan's grandson, and Altan Khan extradited nine senior leaders of the White Lotus Sect.

The Ming Dynasty opened eleven border cities as "city rewards", and Altan accepted the canonization of the Ming Dynasty as the "King of Shunyi", and accepted the calendar issued by the Ming Dynasty every winter solstice.

The Han people in the Jin State have since called the Altan Khanate - "Daming Jin State".

In the Chinese documents of the Ming Dynasty's correspondence with Altan, it was also called "Jin Guo", so the name "Jin Guo" was officially recognized.

In his later years, Altan Khan was compassionate and converted to the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism, the Yellow Sect that advocated "not killing".

The Altan Khanate became a peace-loving country, and inside and outside the Great Wall, "useless soldiers were in trouble, and the open land along the border had to be cultivated and grazed", and "the people did not know the military revolution when they were old and dead". In addition to the government-run horse market, there are also many private horse markets on the side wall.

The influx of blacksmiths, carpenters, willow craftsmen, wool craftsmen, jewelers, felt makers, painters, and small merchants and hawkers in the Ming Dynasty made the handicraft industry and commerce of the "Jin Kingdom" develop unprecedentedly, and it was the most developed place in the nomadic area at that time.

The "translator" of the Ming Dynasty translated the genealogy and the Book of Filial Piety into Mongolian, and personally taught the descendants of Altan Khan to learn Chinese characters while accepting the Ming culture. A considerable number of Hu people have taken the dual names of Mongolia and Han, a descendant of Altan Khan, taking the Han surname "Jin", and also arranging a Chinese character genealogy, which has continued for hundreds of years in later generations. The poor people in the mouth moved their families out of the country and moved to the country of Jin in an endless stream. Many Han people who went out of the border changed their Mongolian names, and also married Mongolian women, and their children often took Mongolian names, such as Liu Batel.

The Ming Jin Kingdom lasted for 60 years of peace and prosperity until it was destroyed five years ago (1627, the year of Chongzhen's accession to the throne).

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References (not related to the plot, skip for uninterested readers)

The "forgotten" Ming Jin Kingdom

Because of the eventual reign of another Jin State, the Ming Jin State mentioned in this chapter was selectively "forgotten" by history.

Meidaizhao Town, Inner Mongolia Tumut Right Banner, Meidaizhao Town, presided over the construction in 1565, was the capital of the Altan Khanate at the beginning, and was rebuilt into a temple in 1606. The plaque of Meidai Zhao Gate is engraved with "Emperor Map Consolidation, Emperor Xianning, Wanmin Happiness, Four Seas Clarification", and the inscription "Ming Jin Guo Bingwu Year Wuxu Moon Ji Si Day Geng Noon", after time conversion, it is the thirty-fourth year of Wanli (AD 1606).

Some people ignore the ironclad evidence, and have to say that the "Daming" in the Daming Jin Kingdom here is not the Ming Dynasty, but the meaning of "Daguang". This is a stubbornness that ignores the historical environment. For example, to refute it: if you hang a plaque on Tiananmen Square, engrave the two big characters "United States" on it, and then say that this means "beautiful China", who will believe it, and who will dare to engrave it?

"Ming History Chronicle. "Inserting Han Koubian" recorded: "(October of the seventh year of the Apocalypse), inserting the Han Hudun Rabbit took the board and ascended to the hole. Bansheng, Chinese also. In Jiajing, the rebellious Zhao Quan and others were the township road, and the plundered 10,000 people were gathered in the east and west of Fengzhou Beach, and they were set up as a bansheng, and the mulberry diet was like China. ......, so the board is rich and rich, and he is very accustomed to the mainland. ”

It is recorded in the "Minutes of Reading History and Public Opinion": "At the beginning of Jiajing (1522-1566), Chinese rebels who escaped from the border raised the board to build a wall, built a house to live, and called the board to rise, with more than 100,000 people. South to the side wall, north to Qingshan, east to Weining Sea, west to the bank of the Yellow River, north to south 400 li, east to west more than 1,000 li. Looking at Pingchuan, there is no danger of mountains and streams, cultivating the market, flowers and willows and vegetable gardens, which are no different from China. ”

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References (Author's note: It has nothing to do with the plot, readers who are not interested can skip it)

The horse market in the mid-to-late Ming Dynasty

The names of the trade markets in the nine towns along the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty are called "Horse Market", "Guan Market", "Big Market", "Moon Market", "Small Market", or "Official Market", "Private Market", "Private Market" and so on.

As an official city, the horse market was established mainly after the Longqing Diet (1570). It is under the authority of the government to carry out trade activities with various ministries of Mongolia. The government and city have a specified place, a specified time, and a special person to manage it. Generally, once a year, or once a year in spring and autumn, the main thing is to exchange the means of life and production such as silk fabrics, tea, ploughshares, and iron pots in the interior for animal husbandry products such as horses and furs and other native products from Mongolia and Jurchen. The official market is large in scale and strict in system, and the trade market is specially established at the border fort, which is often several miles wide. The turnover of the official market is also very large, only Datong Town, the annual number of easy horses is 14,500, the actual total number of easy horses every year is more than 20,000, and the number of private transactions has not yet been counted. The government prohibits the exchange and sale of military materials such as iron tools (except for ploughshares and iron pots), blades, and gunpowder. The official market was mainly carried out between the Ming Dynasty government and the lords of ethnic minorities, which was far from meeting the economic requirements of the vast number of farmers and herdsmen and merchants from all over the country, so under their pressure, the private market was opened.

In the sixth year of Wanli (1578), the Ming court allowed the establishment of "moon markets" in Xuanfu, Datong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and other places. The monthly market is generally open for two or three days after the fifteenth day of each month, allowing Mongolian herders to come to trade. On the day of the opening of the monthly market, the Mongolian and Han sides sent troops to maintain the order of the market and ensure the normal conduct of trade. The commodities traded in the monthly market are mainly the necessities of people's daily life.

People feel that the interval between the monthly private markets is too long and very inconvenient, so there are small markets that are sold once every few days or at any time. Small markets generally have designated locations, unlimited scales, frequent buying and selling, and everyone is convenient. Especially in the spring of each year, the poor herdsmen lack grain and rice, "the more embarrassed, there are animals every time they patrol the border mouths, seeking official power." A cow is easy to rice and beans, and a sheep is easy to have several buckets of miscellaneous grains. There are no livestock or several buckets of salt, and one or two buckets of rice beans; Pick a load of firewood, two or three liters of rice. Or take off the leather clothes, or hold the skin and open the ponytail, and each is easy to feed with mixed rice. Its thin and hungry shape, poor state, and the pity of the people on the side."

The government only collects taxes (points) for the private market, and does not interfere with anything else. The role of the private market is also increasing.

In addition to the official market and the private market, there is also a "private market". The private market is the smuggling trade. Despite the strict blockade imposed by the Ming rulers at the time, there were more and more smuggling activities along the Great Wall, and the private market became more and more prosperous. The Mongol lords did not restrict smuggling, but instead participated in the private trade. Han Chinese participated in smuggling, and some even formed smuggling syndicates, specializing in animal husbandry products such as fur, horsehair, and horsetail. This kind of smuggling is generally connected with each other inside and outside, so there is a large supply of goods and a large profit.

Distribution of the towns and horses in the nine sides:

1. Distribution of horse markets on the east two sides

The Mashi market in Liaodong and Jizhou on the east side is mainly a place for the Han people to trade with the Mongolian Wuliangha Sanwei and the Jurchen tribes. In the third year of Yongle (1405), the city of Lima was born, and the "Chronicles of Liaodong" recorded: "Yongle established the original of Liaodong and the horse market of Guangning in the third year of Yongle". "One is in the south of Kaiyuan City, waiting for the Haixi Jurchen; One is in the east of Kaiyuan City, and the other is in Guangning, so as to wait for Duoyan and three guards, each of them will go to the city for forty miles." Wanli time, according to the Liaodong imperial history Liu Tai once said: "Since the ancestors, Jia admired its righteousness, and promised to exchange markets." Quang Ninh set up a pass and a city, waiting for Duoyan, Taining and other Yi. Kaiyuan set up three passes and three cities, in order to wait for the northwest of Fuyu and other places. Kaiyuan east to Fushun set up a guan city, to wait for the establishment of the state and other Yi". The so-called three passes and three cities refer to the three markets of Xin'anguan, Guangshun and Zhenbeiguan set up during the Wanli period. In the fourth year of Wanli (1576), three private markets of Qinghe, Kuandian and Sanyang were added. In the middle and late Wanli period, wood markets were opened in Yizhou, Guangning, Jinzhou, Ningyuan, Liaoyang and other places. The wood market is a private market that belongs to the horse market, and it is a market that is open on a monthly basis.

The following is an introduction to the specific distribution of the East Erbian Horse Market.

Quang Ninh Ma City: set up in the third year of Yongle (1405), the location is in Quang Ninh Tuanshan Fort, the trade object is Wuliang Ha Sanwei, at the beginning of the month market, and then for the people.

Guangshun Guanma City: Yongle three years (1405) set up, located in the east orchard 15 miles away from Kaiyuan City, the trade object is Wuliang Ha Sanwei, at the beginning of the month market, and then for the people.

Kaiyuan Horse Market: set up in the third year of Yongle (1405), located on the south wall of Kaiyuan City, the trade object is the Haixi Jurchen, the first month market, and then the civil market.

Zhenbei Guanma City: Yongle three years (1405) set up, the location is in the original 20 miles away from the Mashibao, the beginning of the month city, and then the civil city.

Xin'an Guanma City: set up in the Chenghua period (1465-1487), the location is in Qingyunbao, 40 miles away from Kaiyuan City, and the trade object is Wuliang Ha Sanwei, which was the moon market at the beginning, and then the civil city.

Fushun Horse Market: set up in the eighth year of Tianshun (1464), the location is in the east of Fushun City, and the trade object is the Jurchen tribes, which was the Yue City at the beginning, and then the Minmin City.

Kuandian Ma City: Set up in the fourth year of Wanli (1576), the location is in Kuandian County, and the trade object is the Jurchen tribes and the Min City.

Sanyang Horse Market: Set up in the fourth year of Wanli (1576), the location is in Fengcheng County, and the trade object is the Jurchen tribes and the Min City.

Qinghema City: Set up in the fourth year of Wanli (1576), the location is in Shijiabao after the opening of the Yuan, and the trade object is the Jurchen tribes and the people's market.

The horse cities listed above belong to Liaodong Town. In addition, there are Yizhou, Guangning, Jinzhou, Ningyuan, Liaoyang and other wood markets in Liaodong Town, all of which belong to the private market.

There are only two places in Jizhen Horse Market:

Xifengkou Horse Market: Jiajing 29 years (1550) set up, the location is in Xifengkou Heiyu Pass, the trade object is Wuliang Ha Sanwei, belongs to the month market.

Jizhou Horse Market: Set up in the 29th year of Jiajing (1550), the location is in Santunying, Jizhen Town, and the trade object is Wuliang Ha Sanwei, which belongs to the Yue City.

In addition, there are more than 10 irregular horse markets such as Kaiping, Zunhua, Shitang, Gubei, Caozhai, Malan, Songpeng, Shimen, Taiping, Yanhe, Taitou, etc.

2. Distribution of horse markets in the three sides

The three towns of Xuanfu, Datong and Shanxi in the three sides of the Ming Dynasty have opened horse markets in the early middle and early Ming Dynasty. These horse markets are official markets that open and close. The most typical (and most representative) Datong horse market has been opened three times. This kind of horse market is open from time to time for some political necessity. During the Jiajing and Wanli periods, the Mongolian tribes in the three central and tertiary areas settled down one after another, transitioning from a single nomadic economy to a two-way dual economy of agriculture and animal husbandry. Because the land is vast and sparsely populated, even extensive farming, the so-called "spring planting and autumn harvesting, extensive planting and thin harvesting" have gradually shaken off the situation of relying on grain from the interior to sustain their livelihood. The parallel development of agriculture and animal husbandry in Mongolia has gradually reduced the economic imbalance inside and outside the Great Wall, and created conditions for the ethnic trade of "China and Yi" in the three sides. After the Longqing Peace, the Han and Mongolian trade in the three sides of the Central and Central Regions arose, and as in the case of Liaodong Town, the trade of the private city was dominant. The market is divided into two types, large and small, and the big market is only opened once a year, and the main participants in the market are the chiefs and nobles of the Mongolian tribes. Small markets are mostly set up next to the forts on each side, or the market is demarcated in the border area for trading. The establishment of these small cities was around the end of Longqing and the beginning of Wanli. The distribution of various types of horse markets in the three sides is as follows:

The horse markets in Xuanfu Town, which are run by the government, are:

Zhangjiakou Baoma Market: Longqing five years (1571) set up, the location in Wanquan Youwei, the trade object is the capital and other departments, belonging to the big city.

Xinkaibao Horse City: Jiajing 30 years (1551) set up, the location in Wanquan Youwei, the trade object is Qingjiang Duer and other departments, belonging to the big city.

Datong Town has three government-run large cities, and there are many small cities, which is the most popular place in the middle and three side horse markets, and its specific distribution is:

Xinping Baoma Market: Set up in the fifth year of Longqing (1571), the location is Xinping Road, Yanghe Road, and the trade object is Wulu Taiji and other departments, the big city.

Desheng Baoma City: Longqing five years (1571) set up, the location is in Datong North East Road, the trade object is Chengcheng Taiji and other departments, the big city.

Shoukou Baoma City: Longqing five years (1571) set up, located in Yanghe Daodong Road, the trade object is to get rid of the Wushen and other departments, the big city.

Zhumabao Horse Market: Set up in the sixth year of Longqing (1572), the location is in the North West Road of Zuowei Road, and the trade object is the gold list and other departments, which belongs to the small city.

Ningyubao Horse Market: Set up in the sixth year of Longqing (1572), the trade object is the Woodlands Kangsu and other departments, located in the north west road of Zuowei Road, a small market.

Hubao Horse Market: Set up in the sixth year of Longqing (1572), the location is in Datong Jingping Road, and the trade object is Wei Zaisheng and other departments, small market.

Yunshi Fort Horse Market: It was set up in the sixth year of Longqing (1572), and the location was Weiyuan Road in Youwei Road, and the trade object was the Doro Tuman and other departments, a small city.

Yingenbao Horse Market: set up in the sixth year of Longqing (1572), the location is in Datong West Road, and the trade object is Daji, Taicheng and other departments, small markets.

Kill Hubao Horse Market: Set up in the sixth year of Longqing (1572), the location is in the middle of Zuowei Road, and the trade object is the Dumb Bu Harm Cha and other departments, small markets.

According to the records of Shanxi Town, there is only one government-run horse market and only two private small markets, which are distributed in:

Shuiquan Yingma Market: Longqing five years (1571) set up, the location is in the northeast of the side of the head of the pass, the trade object is the province, Doluo Tuman and other departments, belongs to the big city.

Baiyangling Baoma Market: Set up during the Wanli period, the location is in Haohan Mountain, Shanxi, and the trade object is the Ministry of Alta and other departments, which belongs to a small city.

Hequ Yingcheng Horse Market: Set up during the Wanli period, the location is in Hebao Road, Landao, and the trade object is Changgai and other departments, which belong to the small market.

In addition, the Bansheng City outside the western border of Xuanda and Shanxi, in the west of Fengzhou, in the area of the right banner of the present-day Tumut Department, was built in the thirtieth year of Jiajing (1551); Naturalization City, built in the third year of Wanli (1575), in the northwest of Datong. These two cities are the places where the Han and Mongolian ethnic groups live together, and gradually become a commercial market.

3. Distribution of horse markets in the west four sides

The development of the horse market and the market in the four towns of Yansui (Yulin), Ningxia, Guyuan and Gansu on the west side is about the same as that of the central three sides. Its border and foreign trade objects are mainly the Ministry of Kyrgyzstan and other ministries. Ji Neng belonged to dozens of departments, most of them settled in the Hetao area with abundant water and grass, or farming or animal husbandry, and the economy developed greatly in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. After Longqing negotiated peace, "Please pay tribute to the city than Xuan, bigger." Yansui Town, Arima City, is located in Hongshandun. Ningxia has Qingshuiying, Ningxia Zhongwei, Pingyuying and other horse markets, all of which were opened in Longqing for five years. Gansu Zhenma City is located in Ganzhou Baobiandukou and Liangzhou Gaogou Village. Guyuan Town has a tea and horse market, located in Taozhou, Hezhou, Xining and other places. From the sixth year of Yongle (1408), irregular horse markets were opened in Ganzhou, Liangzhou, Lanzhou, Ningxia and other places. During the Hongzhi period, two cities of Ninghe Town and Dingqiang Town were opened in Hezhou. All of the above are regular and irregular markets. During the Wanli period, many small markets arose in the western four sides. The distribution of the towns and markets in the western four sides is as follows:

After the peace of Yansui Town in Longqing, the Ming court opened an official market, and its name and location were:

Hongshan Dunma City: set up in the fifth year of Longqing (1571), located in the north of Yulin City, the trade object is Jineng and other departments, which belongs to the big city.

Ningxia Town opened four official markets after the Longqing Peace:

Hongshan Temple Horse Market: Longqing five years (1571) set up, the location in Lingzhou, the trade object is to cut out Huangtaiji and other departments, belongs to the big city.

Qingshui Yingma Market: It was set up in the fifth year of Longqing (1571), and the location was in Lingzhou, and the trade object was Baima Taiji, etc., a large city.

Zhongwei Ma City: Longqing five years (1571) set up, the location in Ningxia Zhongwei, the trade object is to copy Hu'er, etc., the big city.

Pingyu Horse City: It was set up in the fifth year of Longqing (1571), and the location was in Pingyu City, and the trade object was Jineng and other departments, and the big city.

Gansu Town has two large government-run cities and one small private city according to historical data:

Biandukou Horse Market: Longqing five years (1571) set up, the location is in Xining Road, the trade object is Qingjiang Capital and other departments, belonging to the big city.

Gaogou Zhai Horse Market: set up in the sixth year of Wanli (1578), the location is in Liangzhou Wei, and the trade object is Songshan Bintuji, etc., which belongs to the big city.

Huajiandun Horse Market: Wanli three years (1575) set up, the location in Zhuanglangwei, the trade object is Songshan Bintu, etc., belongs to the small market.

In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, Guyuan Town had a tea and horse market, and later opened a private market, including:

Taozhou Tea and Horse Market: Set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the location is in Taozhou Wei, and the trade object is "Xifan" and Warat Mongolia.

Hezhou Tea Horse Market: set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the location of Hezhou Wei, the trade object is "Xifan" and Wara Mongolia.

Xining Tea and Horse Market: Set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the location is in Xiningwei, and the trading objects are "Xifan" and Warat Mongolia.

Ninghe Zhenmin City: set up during the Hongzhi period, the location is in the south of Hezhou, and the trade object is "Xifan" and Wara Mongolia.

Dingqiang Zhenmin City: set up during the Hongzhi period, the location is in the south of Hezhou, and the trade object is "Xifan" and Warat Mongolia.

According to relevant statistics, there were no less than 70 ethnic trade markets along the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, most of which were set up after the Longqing Peace. It was the horse market that was opened before that it stabilized at this time, and the Longqing period was the heyday of the horse market trade in the Ming Dynasty. With the intensification of various social contradictions in the Ming Dynasty, especially the pressure from the Jurchens in Northeast China and the impact of the storm of the Peasant War, the towns and markets of the Great Wall gradually declined.