Hua Feng understands that only by knowing history can he be wise, so the most urgent task at the moment is still to study and cultivate.

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Yin-Yang School still existed, and after Emperor Wu dismissed the Hundred Schools, part of the content was integrated into the Confucian ideological system, and part of the content was absorbed by the original Taoism, and the Yin-Yang School as an independent school was gone.

Representative figures:

Zou Yan.

Zou Yan (c. 305 BC to 240 BC), a native of Qi (now Linzi, Zibo City, Shandong), a representative of the Yin and Yang family, was known as Tan Tianyan and Zou Zi because of his great knowledge and grand debate. There are some errors in his deeds recorded in the old history, but it is certain that he was from the late Warring States period.

Zou Yan once traveled to the Jixia School Palace, and his knowledge was more important than Qi. When he arrived in Wei, he was greeted by King Wei Hui. When he arrived at Zhao, Pingyuan Jun treated him as a guest and host. When he arrived at Yan, King Yan Zhao personally swept the dust in front of him, listened to his lectures, built a stone palace for him, and performed disciple rituals. Therefore, it is speculated that he may have died after the Battle of Changping.

Zou Yan's books "Zou Zi" and "Zou Zi The End" are said to have more than 100,000 words, but they have long been lost. At present, only some passages of "Lü's Spring and Autumn" and Sima Qian's "Historical Records" can show his thoughts.

In this era of contention, Hua Feng and Yun Meng are both interested in Guigu.

Zonghengjia:

Representative figures: Su Qin, Zhang Yi. Founder: Guiguzi. The main remarks were transmitted in "Warring States Policy"

During the Warring States period of China, the Zonghengjia used the strategy of lobbied the princes and engaged in political and diplomatic activities. It is listed as one of the hundred schools of thought. The main representatives are Su Qin, Zhang Yi and so on.

During the Warring States Period, the south and the north were combined as vertical, and the west and east were connected as horizontal, Su and Qin were mainly Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi, and Chu to resist Qin, and Zhang Yi was forced to break the vertical, and even the six countries were divided into Qin, and the Zonghengjia got its name from this. Their activities had an important impact on the changes in the political and military landscape during the Warring States period.

The "Warring States Policy" has a large number of records of its activities. According to the records of "Hanshu Art and Literature", the Zonghengjia once wrote "Sixteen Families and One Hundred and Seven Articles". "Vertical" means "vertical", and "horizontal" means "horizontal". The so-called "joint vertical" refers to the diplomatic strategy of the six countries of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, and Wei to jointly resist Qin during the Warring States period.

The so-called "Lianheng" refers to the diplomatic strategy of the above six countries to form an alliance with the Qin State. The origin of "vertical" and "horizontal" is said to be due to the fact that the north-south direction is called "vertical", and the east-west direction is called "horizontal". The alliance of the six countries was a north-south alliance, so it was called "joint vertical", and the alliance between the six countries and the Qin state was an east-west alliance, so it was called "lianheng".

The so-called "vertical and horizontal scholars" refer to those who advocate the diplomatic strategy of "joint vertical" or "continuous horizontal". Calling Su Qin and Zhang Yi the most famous vertical and horizontal scholars, without Su and Zhang, there would be no combination and horizontal and horizontal, and naturally there would be no so-called vertical and horizontal scholars. Later, the master father Yan was also a representative of the Zongheng family, and most of the Zongheng family's Su Qin's "Su Zi" and Zhang Yi's "Zhang Zi" died before the Han Dynasty.

The only surviving Guiguzi in the world is the only argumentative work of the Zongheng family. In addition, "Warring States Policy" is a representative of the book that records the words and deeds of the Zongheng family:

Guiguzi.

Guiguzi, surnamed Wang Mingxu, was born in the Spring and Autumn Period. The origin is unknown, according to the examination of Weiguo (now Qi County, Hebi City, Henan) people, often into Yunmeng Mountain (in Qi County, Hebi City, Henan Province) to collect medicine and cultivate. Because he lived in seclusion in the ghost valley of Qingxi, he called himself Mr. Ghost Valley.

Guiguzi is the originator of the Zongheng family, and Su Qin and Zhang Yi are his two most outstanding disciples [see "Warring States Policy"]. In addition, Sun Bin and Pang Juan are also his disciples [see "The Romance of Sun Pang"].

The Zongheng scholars advocated the tactics of power and the skills of speech and debate, and their guiding ideology was very different from the benevolence, righteousness and morality advocated by Confucianism.

Therefore, scholars have rarely admired the book "Guiguzi", and there are many ridiculers. As a matter of fact, the success or failure of diplomatic tactics is related to the rise or fall of a country, and the success or failure of business negotiation and competition strategies is related to economic success or failure. Even in everyday life, speech skills are related to a person's well-behaved behavior.

At that time, Su Qin relied on his three-inch incorruptible tongue to unite the six countries, with the seal of the six countries, and led the six countries to jointly resist Qin, which was prominent for a while. And Zhang Yi relied on his strategy and lobbying skills to disintegrate the Six Kingdoms, making immortal contributions to the Qin State.

As the saying goes, "Wisdom can be used for what many cannot know, but can be used for what many cannot see." "Conspiracy is invisible, often better than not fighting, this is the essence of "Guiguzi".

The Art of War focuses on overall strategy, while Guiguzi focuses on specific techniques, and the two can be said to complement each other.

Su Qin.

Su Qin Zi Jizi. During the Warring States Period, he was a native of Luoyang (now Luoyang City, Henan) in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Learn the art of vertical and horizontal to lobby various countries, and when you first arrived in Qin, you said King Hui, no need. Naidong to Zhao, Yan, Han, Wei, Qi, and Chu, and lobbied the six countries to join forces with Qin.

He was in the Six Kingdoms, returned to Zhao, and was named Wu Anjun by Zhao. Later, Qin sent people to Qi, Wei and Zhao, and the six countries could not cooperate, and they collapsed. He entered Yan and transferred to Qi as Qi Keqing. Compete with Dr. Qi for favor and be killed.

One said that he had engaged in anti-inter-agency activities since Yan entered Qi, so that Yan was able to break Qi, and then the anti-inter-intermediary activities were exposed, and he was split by Qi Che and died.

Zonghengjia has 31 articles of "Suzi", which is not available today. The silk book "Warring States Zonghengjia Letter" unearthed from the Mawangdui Han Tomb preserves 16 chapters of Su Qin's letters and lobbying speeches, which is different from "Historical Records: The Biography of Su Qin".

Zhang Yi.

Zhang Yi was a native of Wei (now Kaifeng City, Henan) and a famous columnist during the Warring States Period. When King Wei Hui entered Qin, Qin Hui Wenjun thought it was a guest. In 328 B.C., Qin envoy Zhang Yi and Gongzi Hua attacked Wei, and Wei cut the county to Qin. Back then, Zhang Yi was Qin Xiang. Hui Wenjun was proclaimed king in the thirteenth year (325 BC), and changed the following year to the first year of the Yuan Dynasty. In the second year of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhang Yi met with the ruling ministers of Qi, Chu and Wei in Mulberry, and was immediately exempted.

In the following year, Zhang Yi was in Wei, and in the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty, he was in Qin. In the twelfth year, Zhang Yi was in Chu, and then returned to Qin. After the death of King Huiwen, King Wu ascended the throne, and Zhang Yi had a gap, he left Qin to go to Wei, according to the "Bamboo Book Chronicle", died in May of this year. There are ten articles in the vertical and horizontal category of "Hanshu Art and Literature", which bring together Zhang Yi's works or materials related to him.

Miscellaneous.

Because Huang Lao Taoism is eclectic to the hundred schools of thought, it presents a kind of miscellaneous characteristics, so it is often regarded as a miscellaneous family in history, but in fact, Huang Lao Taoism's thoughts on the hundred schools of thought of all the sons are all based on Taoist thought. The Miscellaneous Family was a comprehensive school at the end of the Warring States period. It is named because of "Confucianism and ink, and the method of co-naming", and "the way of a hundred schools of thought" ("Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles" and Yan Shi's ancient notes).

Qin Xiang Lü Buwei gathered the disciples to compile the "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period", which is a typical collection of miscellaneous works. Strictly speaking, "Miscellaneous" is not a conscious and inherited school, so he does not pretend to be a "miscellaneous" school. Since the "Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicle" first classified "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period" as a "miscellaneous family", this school was officially named.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, hundreds of schools of thought contended, and each family had its own countermeasures and ideas for governing the country. In order to defeat other schools, each school more or less absorbs the doctrines of other schools, either to attack each other, or to make up for the shortcomings of its own doctrines. However, every school of thought also has its own characteristics and strengths, and the "miscellaneous family" makes full use of this characteristic to draw on the opinions of others and become a set of ideologically eclectic, yet feasible guidelines for governing the country.

Representative figures:

Lü Buwei.

Lü Buwei, a native of Puyang (now Puyang City, Henan Province), was a famous politician in the late Warring States period, serving as the prime minister of Qin for 13 years, laying the foundation for Qin's final unification of the Six Kingdoms. Lü Buwei sold expensive for a long time and accumulated a large amount of family property. But he was not satisfied with the status of a big businessman, and was always looking for opportunities to join politics.

One year, he went to Handan, the capital of Zhao State, to do business and became acquainted with the prince of Qin. At that time, Yiren was a hostage to Zhao, and the situation was not very good, and Lü Buwei thought that "strange goods can live", so he first gave him money and beautiful women to win the favor of Yiren. Then, he lobbied Mrs. Huayang's sister to bribe Mrs. Huayang to buy off King Qin Xiaowen and become the crown prince.

After the death of King Qin Xiaowen in 250 BC, Gongzi Yiren was able to return to China and ascend the throne, which was called King Xiang of Qin Zhuang, and named Lü Buwei as the minister of state, called Wenxin Marquis, and ate the twelve counties of Lantian. King Xiang of Qin Zhuang died, King Zhao Zheng of Qin ascended the throne, and Lü Buwei was honored as the "middle father" and regent on behalf of King Qin.

After Zhao Zheng came to power, Lü Buwei was dismissed. He first lived in Henan, and then migrated to Shu County. In the twelfth year of the reign of King Qin, he committed suicide on the way to Shu County. The famous "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period" was compiled by him and his disciples.

Farm.

The peasant family was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States period. It is named because of the emphasis on agricultural production. This was sent from ancient times to manage agricultural production. They believe that agriculture is the foundation of food and clothing, and should be put in the first place in all work. "Mencius Teng Wen Gong Shang" records that Xu Xingqi was "the words of Shennong", proposing that the sage should "plough and eat with the people, and rule with food", which expresses the social and political ideals of the peasants.

This party also pays attention to recording and summarizing agricultural production technology and experience. The chapters "Shang Nong", "Ren Di", "Defending the Land", and "Judging the Time" in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Lü Family are considered to be important materials for the study of pre-Qin farmers.

The flow of peasants is from the officials of the peasants. His words sow hundreds of grains and persuade farmers to have enough food and clothing. Therefore, there are eight politics: one is food, and the other is goods. Even Confucius said: "The food of the people is important." Therefore, it can be seen that this is his strength.

The peasants' advocacy of cultivating with the people, and then talking about the joint cultivation of the monarch and the people, can be said to be a great concept of freedom and equality, so it cannot help but arouse the opposition of the Confucian scholars who attach importance to the "correct name", believing that this is to abandon the righteousness of the monarch and the minister, favor the benefits of farming, and chaos the order of the upper and lower.

Farm books are mostly farm skills, rather than theories. However, its highest ideal is to work with the people, although it is an equal class slogan, but it is not tolerated by Confucianism, so it is often lost.

Representative figures:

Xu Xing.

Xu Xing was an agricultural expert in the state of Lu (present-day southwest Shandong), a representative figure of the pre-Qin Zhuzi farming, and a spokesman for Shennong. Most of his deeds are unexaminable.

According to "Mencius Teng Wen Gong", he once went from Chu to Teng, followed the door and told Wen Gong: "People from afar, when they hear that the king is benevolent, are willing to accept a gang and become a gangster." "Wen Gong is more in tune. Chen Liang's disciple Chen Xiang, and his younger brother Xin, carried the burden of Song Zhiteng, and said: "Wen Jun is a saint when he does the politics of a saint, and he is willing to be a saint." Chen Xiang was overjoyed when he saw Xu Xing, and gave up his learning and learned his skills from Xu Xing.

In addition, Xu Xingzhu draws the market price based on quantity.

And these expressions of the farmer are not the same as he imagined in Hua Feng's opinion.