The Lao Zhuang school also put forward the cognitive principles of "learning more and more, and deteriorating for the Tao", and "this is one is wrong and the other is wrong" to realize the emancipation of people's knowledge ability; and put forward the life skills of "modesty", "weakness", "softness", "heart fasting", "sitting and forgetting", and "turning into butterflies" to face the world, so as to realize the emancipation of people's life and state of mind.

At the same time, the Lao Zhuang school also pays attention to "the unity of man and nature", "the correspondence between man and nature", "for the sake of not fighting, benefit but not harm", "cultivation in the body, its virtue is true", "humble heart and solid belly", "take the righteousness of heaven and earth, and the debate of the six qi, to swim endlessly", "the law is in yin and yang, to be simple and redundant, to be simple and complex". And the Yang Zhu faction believed that if all people did not pull out a dime, and at the same time did not infringe on each other, the world could be ruled greatly.

Political outlook: The Lao Zhuang faction pursues the peach blossom spring and the world of virtue, advocating the self-transformation of inaction, being quiet and self-righteous; the Huang Lao Taoist pursues great unification, advocating simple etiquette according to customs, leniency and simplification of government, and governing the country according to the law according to the Tao. Both advocate the rule of inaction.

Outlook on life: Huang Lao Taoist advocates following all things and governing the country together, while Lao Zhuang advocates that all things have opposites, and things must be opposed. Therefore, people must be "contented with few desires", "weak and indisputable", "conform to nature", and abandon all shackles of etiquette and religion in order to avoid disasters.

Representative of Taoism: Lao Tzu.

According to general records, Lao Tzu's surname is Li, his name is Er, the word Boyang, a native of Qurenli, Lixiang Township, Chuku County (now Taiqinggong Town, Luyi County, Zhoukou City, Henan Province), the year of birth and death is unknown, and it is said that he was born in 604 BC. Some people call him Li Er, and some people call him Lao Dan. Lao Tzu cultivates morality, and his master does not do anything, and he does not do anything to hide himself. There are many scholars who believe that Lao Tzu was a person from the Warring States Period, but many people believe that Lao Tzu was a person from the Spring and Autumn Period.

The Taoist theory was laid on Lao Tzu, Lao Tzu's "Tao Te Ching" book up and down 5,000 words, in which the metaphysical meaning of the Tao and the wisdom of life are widely discussed, and a theory of the origin of the natural universe is put forward as a mixture of things and independent self-existence, and also put forward the ontological idea that the principle of the existence and operation of the world is "the movement of the opposite Tao".

For the human beings who live in it, what they should learn is the wisdom of dealing with the world. Lao Tzu also put forward many political, social and philosophical views on life, advocating "rule by inaction".

Zhuangzi was named Zhou, the word Zixiu, a native of the Song Kingdom (now Shangqiu City, Henan), born and died from about 369 BC to 286 BC, according to the "Historical Records" at the same time as King Hui of Liang and King Xuan of Qi.

In his early years, Zhuangzi worked as a lacquer garden official in Meng, and has been living in seclusion since then. He lived in poverty, but he was indifferent to fame and fortune, and the king of Chu heard of his virtue, and once sent a messenger to give him a thousand gold and asked him to be the prime minister, but he refused. Then he never returned to the office for life, and lived in seclusion in the calf mountain.

Zhuangzi is knowledgeable, has a wide range of travel, has a book "Zhuangzi", the main purpose is based on "Lao Tzu", but its main purpose is attributed to Lao Tzu's words, there are also their own unique opinions, his book more than 100,000 words, most of the rate of fables. As a fisherman, a thief, and a thief, in order to slander Confucius's disciples, and to understand the art of Lao Tzu.

Liezi, known as Kou, also known as Yukou (also known as "Yuankou" and "Guokou"), is said to be a Taoist figure in the early Warring States period, a native of Zheng Guo (now Xinzheng City, Zhengzhou, Henan), and Zheng Miaogong at the same time. It is based on the Yellow Emperor Laozi, advocating quiet and inaction. The book "Liezi" was studied in the pre-Qin period, and Liu Xiang's "Liezi" was a collection of 20 articles collected by the public and private to form the number of eight articles, which was still prevalent in the Western Han Dynasty, and the Western Jin Dynasty was affected by the Yongjia Rebellion, and it was incomplete after crossing the river. Later, it was collected and sorted out by Zhang Zhan to complete it.

"Liezi", also known as "Chongxu Jing", is an important Taoist classic. Written by Lie Yukou, the date of the work is unknown, and it is roughly the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The book is divided into eight chapters, including "Tianrui", "Yellow Emperor", "King Mu of Zhou", "Zhongni", "Tang Wen", "Li Life", "Yang Zhu" and "Shuofu".

Wenzi: A disciple of Lao Tzu, at the same time as Bu Shang Zi Xia, but less than Confucius, he once asked Zi Xia and Mozi. The 12 existing works "Wenzi" were once considered to be a fake book after the Han Dynasty, but in 1973, there were fragments of "Wenzi" in the bamboo slips unearthed from more than 40 Han tombs in Dingxian County, Hebei Province, so it was undoubtedly confirmed that it was a pre-Qin work.

Representative of the Mohist family: Mozi. Works: Mozi.

Mojia was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period, and its founder was Mo Zhai.

This school of thought is based on the doctrine of "loving each other and benefiting each other": concurrently regards others as oneself, and concurrently loves one's neighbor as oneself. "The world and love each other" can achieve the purpose of "mutual benefit". Politically, he advocates being virtuous, still being the same and non-attacking; economically, he advocates strengthening the use of this economy; and ideologically, he advocates respecting heaven and ghosts. At the same time, he also put forward the idea of "non-fate", emphasizing relying on his own strength.

The Mo family has a strict organization, and most of the members are from the lower strata of society, and according to legend, they can all go to the fire and fight to inspire themselves. Those who engage in debate are called "ink debates", those who are engaged in martial arts are called "ink heroes", and their leaders are called "giant (ju) sons". Its discipline is strict, and it is said that "the law of the ink, the murderer dies, and the wounder is punished" ("Lü's Spring and Autumn Period: Go to Selfishness").

After Mo Zhai's death, it split into three factions. By the late Warring States period, it was merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, and was called "Mohist Post-Learning" (also known as "Later Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in Qin and Han society.

Shang Xian and Shang Tong are the basic political programs of the Mohists. Mohist and Confucian scholars are also known as "Xianxue". The following is the concept of the Mohists.

Ethics: put forward "love", advocating that love should not be divided between intimacy, upper and lower, noble and low, and rank. He believes that the reason why the world is in chaos is because people do not love each other.

Political outlook: advocating "Shang Xian" and "Shang Tong", advocating the selection and appointment of talents, eliminating the class concept, making the world rule, advocating "non-offensive", and opposing all wars of aggression.

Economic outlook: opposes extravagant life, advocates frugality, and puts forward the ideas of "saving money", "saving funerals" and "not being happy".

Cosmology: Putting forward the concept of "non-fate", believing that fate cannot dominate people's wealth and poverty, and emphasizing that it can be changed as long as it is acquired through hard work. In order to seek blessings and avoid disasters, he also advocated "respecting heaven" and "doing ghosts".

Because the Mohists from the founder Mozi to the main representatives, are all scholars at the bottom of the society, so the Mohists can better understand the miserable life of the working people in the society during the war, so compared with the excessive emphasis on "etiquette" of Confucianism, the Mohists pay more attention to the habits of hard work and frugality, and do not hesitate to do low-level labor work, and are insulted by Confucianism as "obscene skills", deviations in life, opposition in positions, and "concurrent love" that is more difficult to follow than "benevolence" in thought , so that the Mo family did not receive the support of the rulers, and did not develop much in the future.

Famous scholars were one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States period, and were called famous scholars because they were engaged in debating names (names, concepts) and facts (facts, realities) as their main academic activities. At that time, people were called "debaters", "judges" or "criminal (formal) masters". The representative figures are Hui Shi and Gongsun Long.

Famous scholars pay attention to debating the relationship between "name" and "reality", which is a kind of logic. The difference between the famous artists and each other lies in the method of "correcting the name and the truth". They mainly analyze things based on logical principles, and most of the content of their debates are philosophical issues that have nothing to do with political practice. Therefore, the theories of famous scholars have always been given a notorious reputation of "sophistry" in China's academic tradition for 5,000 years.

The decline of the famous family is not only because it is not supported by the superiors, but also because the disciples are not able to produce the innovative ideas of their predecessors.

Representative figures include Deng Xi, Hui Shi, Gongsun Long and Huan Tuan. Works: "Gongsun Longzi"

Gongsun Long (c. 325-250 BC) was a native of Wei (present-day northern Henan Province), or a native of Zhao (present-day southwestern Shanxi), and had the character Zibing.

He was born in the forty-fourth year of Zhou Xian and died in the sixth year of Zhou Huigong, and his life was the same as that of Zhuangzi, Huishi, Mencius, and Zou Yan. Because Gongsun Long is "determined by the name" and insists on the truth of the name, his debate is mainly carried out by the language itself, leaving the debate of concrete and empirical things.

One of Confucius's disciples was named Gongsun Long, "Zi Zishi, and Confucius was fifty-three years old." ("Historical Records: The Biography of Zhongni's Disciples") and the "debater" Gongsun Long are not the same person. "The Biography of Meng Ke Xunqing" and "Suo Yin" called Gongsun Long a disciple of Confucius, which was wrong.

Gongsun Longshan is the debate of similarities and differences, reaching the peak of the realm, and its main debates are: the white horse theory, the theory of referring to things, the theory of solid whiteness, the theory of name and reality, etc.

Hui Shi, a native of the Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu, Henan), was born in 370 BC (or 380 BC), died in 310 BC, a famous scholar of the Song State in the middle of the Warring States Period, the originator of the famous family, a friend of Zhuangzi, and a minister of Wei (King Hui of Liang);

Hui Shi is quick-witted, erudite and eloquent, good at eloquence and logical reasoning, and has set off a famous debate with Huan Tuan, Gongsun Long and other debaters, so there is "Hui Shi to argue, Wan Shi to be cautious".

Yin-Yang Family:

The Yin-Yang School was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period, and was named after the theory of the five elements of Yin and Yang and the use of it to explain social personnel. This school of thought originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical almanacs in ancient times, and the representative figure was Zou Yan, a Qi man during the Warring States Period.

The theory of yin and yang believes that yin and yang are the positive and negative opposing and transforming forces of things themselves, which can be used to explain the laws of development and change of things.

The Five Elements Theory holds that all things are composed of five elements: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water, and that there are two laws of mutual growth and mutual victory, which can be used to explain the origin and change of all things in the universe. Zou Yan synthesized the two, according to the theory of the mutual growth and victory of the five elements, interpreted the attributes of the five elements as the "five virtues", created the "five virtues at the end of the theory", and used it as the law of the rise and fall of the dynasties, providing a theoretical basis for the establishment of the new unified dynasty.

The Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicle contains 21 works of this school, all of which have been dispersed. Completed in the late Warring States period, "The Book of Rites: The Order of the Month", some people say that it is the work of the Yin and Yang family. Some of the chapters in "Guanzi" are also the works of the Yin and Yang family, and some materials of the Yin and Yang family are retained in the "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period: Ying Tong", "Huainanzi Qi Customs", and "Historical Records: Qin Shi Huang Benji".

In terms of the concept of nature, the Yin-Yang family put forward the theory of cosmic evolution by using the concept of yin and yang in the "Zhou Yi"; from the "division of Kyushu" in the "Book of Songs", he put forward the theory of "Great Kyushu", believing that China is the Chixian Shenzhou, with small Kyushu in it and one of the "big Kyushus" outside.

Time flowed like this, Hua Feng and Yunmeng Baifeng depended on each other as companions, and occasionally when they were free, they were learning and performing tasks.