【Kunqu Opera】

Kunqu opera is an ancient opera in China, which was formed in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, also known as the "Kunshan dialect". Wei Liangfu, an outstanding opera musician during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, carried out a major reform of the Kunshan dialect. He absorbed various artistic components such as the various singing tones of the southern opera and the rhythmic singing method of the Jinyuan and northern songs, as well as the folk songs of the south of the Yangtze River, to create a gentle and euphemistic "water mill cavity". Liang Chenyu, a playwright at the same time as Xuan's, wrote a play "The Story of Huansha" for the Kunshan dialect, which caused a sensation in Jiangnan after the performance and quickly became popular throughout the country. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Kunqu Opera was once prosperous, and it became more exquisite and perfect in art, becoming a type of drama with a national film. By the Qianlong period, the art of Kunqu opera was plundered by the ruling class, and its content tended to be palace-like, so that it was separated from the masses and gradually declined, and by the eve of liberation, it was on the verge of death. After the liberation, Kunqu opera was in the script. Libretto. The singing voice and other aspects have been reformed to make it easy to understand. In 1956, the Kunsu Opera Troupe of Zhejiang Province went to Beijing and successfully performed "Fifteen Runs", which caused a sensation throughout the country. In 1957, according to the instructions of Premier Zhou, the Northern Kunqu Opera Theater was established. Kunqu Opera, an ancient opera, has radiated artistic youth.

Kunqu opera has a history of more than 500 years and has formed a complete performance system and a unique vocal cavity system. Its repertoire is rich, the script is elegant and gorgeous, and the literary quality is high. Pronunciation, voicing pay attention to the four tones, strictly abide by the rhythm, board eyes. Kunqu opera tunes are in the form of music cards, and each play is composed of a set of music cards. The singing voice is mellow and soft, melodious and slow. The performance is delicate, the body movements and singing are closely combined, and the dance is very strong. The accompaniment instruments are mainly flutes, and sometimes sanxian, sheng, suona, etc. are also used.

In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Kunqu opera spread to the north, and through the efforts of many artists, Kunqu opera and the languages of the northern region were combined to form "Beikun"; Originally, the Kunqu opera that was popular in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Zhejiang was called "Nankun". Bikun performs more martial arts, showing that the wind shed U is healthy and bold; Nankun pays attention to the pronunciation and delicate workmanship, which is more clear and lingering. Kunqu opera occupies an important position in the history of Chinese opera, and it has had a direct impact on the formation and development of Peking Opera, Hunan Opera, Sichuan Opera and other local operas.

【Commentary】

Pingju is one of the most influential local operas in the country, formed in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, with a history of about 70 years. It originated from the "lotus fall" in the eastern Hebei region, and later absorbed the tone of "jumping" in the northeast, so it was called "falling" and "jumping" in the early years. At first, it was a form of lip-synching singing, similar to the "two-person turn" in the Northeast, and later absorbed the percussion of Hebei Bangzi one after another. The singing and performance of Luanzhou Shadow Opera, Leting Drums and Peking Opera formed the "Tangshan Luozi", then became the "Fengtian Luozi", and finally became the current Pingju. Cheng Zhaocai was a famous actor and playwright in the early days of Pingju. He created many new styles and created and adapted more than 100 kinds of scripts, which played an important role in the formation of Pingju.

The artistic characteristics of Pingju are: good at singing, clear pronunciation, easy to understand singing, clear singing, clear singing, strong performance life, and a cordial folk flavor. Its form is lively, free, and the best at expressing contemporary people's life, so it has a large audience in both urban and rural areas. Pingju singing cavity is a plate cavity, with a variety of plate types such as slow board, two six plates, stacked boards and loose plates. After the liberation, remarkable achievements have been made in the innovation of Pingju music, singing, and performance, especially the shortcomings of the poor singing voice of the male protagonist, and the male singing voice has been newly created.

Pingju was originally divided into two factions: East Road and West Road. The one that prevails today is the East Road, which is popular in Hebei and the three eastern provinces, and also has a wide audience in the south. The West Road Pingju, also known as "Beijing Jumping", was formed under the influence of the East Road Pingju Bangzi and the old tune. It has a high-pitched tone, rich heads, and a unique style. Before and after the Xin Revolution, it was performed in Beijing and various parts of western Beijing, and was very popular with the audience, but later it was on the verge of extinction. In 1958, it was excavated and sorted out by the China Ping Theater and reappeared on the stage. "Flower Pavilion Club" is a good play that has been sorted out and inherited by young actors.

【Hebei Bangzi】

Hebei Bangzi, the original name "Zhili Bangzi", after Zhili Province was renamed Hebei Province, the beginning of the name changed. It originates from the Bangzi system of the Qin cavity in Shaanxi. After about the middle of the Qing Dynasty, it gradually evolved from the Bangzi of Puzhou, Shanxi Province to Hebei. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was very prosperous in Beijing. Later, Bangzi and Pi Huang performed on the same stage, communicating and absorbing each other, making Bangzi more and more complete artistically. After Beijing's Zhili Bangzi absorbs the essence of skin yellow, it is also called "Jingbangzi". After the Xinhai Revolution, many outstanding Bangzi actresses continued to emerge, which brought new life to the Bangzi opera genre and made great changes in its singing music.

When Hebei Bangzi is popular, it is most popular in North China and Northeast China, especially in the central and northern parts of Hebei and Beijing and Tianjin. Hebei Bangzi's singing voice is high-pitched and passionate, strong and upright, mainly including adagio, erliu, flowing water, sharp board, crying board, inversion and other board styles, as well as nearly 100 pieces of music cards for stage accompaniment.

During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, Hebei Bangzi was widely developed in the rural areas of Hebei. But in the Kuomintang-ruled cities such as Beijing and Tianjin, they were in decline. After the liberation, Hebei Bangzi has been restored and developed, and the excessively noisy gongs and drums and bangzi have been innovated, and a new singing voice has been created, so that it has the characteristics of softness and melodiousness and beautiful sound in the generosity and majesty.

【Old Tune】

Old tune, also known as "old tune bangzi", is one of the local opera genres in Hebei Province. It was born around the end of the Ming Dynasty. It has been circulated among the people for a long time and has a strong local flavor. The singing voice is simple, agitated, and robust, and there are a variety of board types such as the head board, the second board, the safety board, the starting board, the ractangle board, the sending board, the retention board, and the crying board. The main accompaniment instruments are banhu, dizi, sheng, erhu, sanxian, etc. The endemic area is centered in Baoding, Hebei Province, and is divided into East Road (Gaoyang, Anxin area), West Road (Baoding West Region), and South Road (Shijiazhuang area). There is not much difference between the singing voices, but the falling voices are different. The old-fashioned performance form is complete, the industry is complete, and the traditional repertoire is relatively rich. "Pan Yang Lawsuit" is one of the more influential plays and has been made into a drama film.

【Silk String Play】

Silk string opera is one of the ancient local operas in Hebei Province. It is a branch of the "string tune" of the northern song, and its ancient name was "string cavity". Originally, there were no actresses in the silk string opera, and the male and female roles were played by male actors, forming the characteristics of alternating true and false voices in singing. Silk string accompaniment instrument, long-term use of two liuqin and two three strings, Qing Xianfeng years, because of the old tune Bangzi often performed on the same stage, the main accompaniment instrument changed to the old tune of the alto banhu, other instruments have also increased or decreased. In the process of development, it was influenced by Kunqu Opera, Hebei Bangzi and Peking Opera to varying degrees. It is endemic in the vast rural areas of central and southern Hebei Province and parts of Shanxi. The singing cavity of the silk strings is both high-pitched and turning, mainly based on the plate cavity, divided into two systems, the overtone and the pipe tone, and each has a variety of plate styles. On the eve of liberation, there were only one or two professional classes left in Silk Strings. After the liberation, Silk String has developed greatly, and actresses have participated in performances, and Silk String's excellent traditional repertoire "Empty Seal Box" has been put on the screen.

【Flat Tone】

Pingtuo is one of the local operas in Hebei Province, which originated in Wu'an County in southern Hebei Province, and is also known as "Wu'an Pingtuo". It is popular in the vast areas of southern Hebei, northern Henan and southeastern Shanxi, and is deeply loved by the local people. The production of flat tunes is said to have begun in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and was evolved by Wu'an artists who absorbed the specialties of Yu J [Huai tune, combined with Wu'an folk music and dance.

Pingtuo belongs to "Bangzi Ji", which is complete and good at acting in historical dramas. Its singing cavity belongs to the plate cavity, the structure is relatively complete, the melody is beautiful, and it is longer than lyricism. The main plate types include slow board, 28 board, flow board, loose board, planting board, stacking board, sad board and other nearly 20 board heads. There are more than 100 suona music cards and silk string music cards with music accompaniment. In the past, the accompaniment instruments mainly consisted of the second string, the rolling qin, etc.; After liberation, sheng, flute, banhu and so on were added. In terms of performance, it has the characteristics of lively, rough, passionate and bold style. His representative repertoire includes "Three Accounts", "Chen Shimei", "The Legend of Admiralty" and so on.

【Tangshan Shadow Puppetry】

Tangshan shadow puppetry, because of the Tangshan area of the pavilion, Luanxian area of the language rhyme for its musical characteristics, so also called "Le Ting Shadow", "Luanzhou Shadow", popular in Hebei Tangshan, Chengde, Langfang and other regions as well as the three northeastern provinces of cities and counties, it is a kind of exquisite carving technology, dexterous manipulation skills and long in the lyrical singing music of the comprehensive art. Before the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, people often gathered in the countryside to perform, and the townships and rural areas in the above-mentioned areas had a deep mass foundation. Its singing music is especially loved by the masses.

The singing voice of Tangshan shadow puppet is evolved from a pure rap form of "Dafuying", which is a kind of male and female dialect with a variety of tones (such as flat tune, flower withering, yang rhyme flat tune, Hedong tune. Luanhe tune, chanting cavity), a variety of plate cavities (such as too slow plate, fast three eyes, slow two sex, tight two sex, three sex, flowing water) plate cavity. It has a history of three or four hundred years. Due to the development and creation of previous artists, different genres have been formed for a long time. Its main accompaniment instrument used to be a small sanxian, which was gradually replaced by the sihu.