Scientific expeditions

In addition to the imperial examination, there is also a pen post for Manchurian children to enter the official career;

Fill in the gaps

In the Qing Dynasty, there has always been a shortage of senior civil and military officials. The Manchurians could be left to the Han shortage, and vice versa, except in a few cases, it was theoretically impossible;

The Law

The Manchu and Han dynasties of the Qing Dynasty (banner people) were not punished. For example, a person who is a banner bearer [, a person who commits the crime of confiscation of the army, or exile has the privilege of being exempted from being sent and replaced by a flail. In addition, the judicial power of the bannermen is also independent of the people. If the garrison flag bearers violate the law, they will not be under the control of the local governor, but will be responsible for the generals and commanders stationed in the area. The children of the Jingqi were handled by the Yamen of the Infantry Army, and the clan was ruled by the Zongren Mansion.

treatment

The Qing court allocated land to the Manchurian children as banners and exempted from taxes. Flag land is protected by the state and cannot be bought or sold privately. In addition to the banner land, the Qing court was also responsible for allocating houses for habitation. In addition, the children of Manchuria, who were minors, had a policy of raising soldiers and received a certain salary on a monthly basis.

reside

The Qing court set up "Mancheng" in all parts of the country in the garrisons of the Eight Banners for soldiers to live, and Han people were not allowed to enter and leave Mancheng at will. If there is no division between Manchurian in Northeast Manchuria, wicker edges are set up to prevent the Han people from entering the "land of Longxing"

The first admiration of Manchuria and the privilege of fostering the banner people made the customs of the Manchus change from the industriousness and simplicity of the cavalry and archery people to luxury and waste. In 1911, the Xinhai Revolution broke out, the Qing Emperor abdicated, the Republic of China was established, and the national policy of "worshipping Manchuria first" also came to an end.

Mongolian policy

The Qing government exercised special administration over Inner Mongolia. On the one hand, the leaders of the Mongolian tribes were encircled by marriage, and the heads of the tribes and their children and nephews were married by the women of the clan. On the other hand, the "Zazak system" of divide and rule is implemented politically, that is, the alliance flag system.

According to this system, the original Mongolian ministries were called the League, which was the most basic administrative unit in Inner Mongolia, and the flag chief, that is, "Zasak", was a hereditary position. It is under the control of the flag commander. A number of adjacent flags are an alliance, and the alliance has a leader, who is directly appointed by the central government. The league is a supervision area and is not an administrative unit. At that time, there were mainly Jelimu, Zhaowuda, Xilin Gol and other leagues. Each flag is directly responsible to the central government and is responsible for the management of the feudal courts. In addition, in the Inner Mongolia region, the Rehe Metropolitan Commander, the Chahar Metropolitan Commander, and the Suiyuan Deputy General were set up to lead the army to garrison important areas to strengthen military control.

After the Qing Dynasty unified the Mongol tribes, its strategy of ruling Mongolia was not only to make it no longer a force on the border of Shuofang, but also to encircle its slave owners to rule over the Mongol people, so that Mongolia would become an important military force for the Qing government to rule the whole country and an undefended barrier to the northern territory of the Qing Empire. This includes vigorously supporting and promoting Lamaism in Mongolia, which has effectively won over the hearts of the people and maintained a stable situation in Mongolia.

Tibet Policy

The Qing Dynasty's measures to administer Tibet were the system of canonization, the system of ministers stationed in Tibet, and the system of casting lots in a golden vase.

In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the fifth Dalai Lama came to Beijing to congratulate him, and Emperor Shunzhi ceremoniously received him and officially gave him the title of "Dalai Lama"; Later, Emperor Kangxi canonized the fifth Panchen Lama with the title of "Panchen Erdeni" and gave him a seal; Since then, the titles of "Dalai Lama" and "Panchen Erdeni" have been officially fixed, and all subsequent Dalai Lamas and Panchen Lamas, have to be canonized by the central government and become customized.

In 1727, the Qing government set up a minister in Tibet to handle Tibetan affairs. On behalf of the central government, the Minister in Tibet administers Tibet with the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama. The appointment of ministers in Tibet indicates the strengthening of the central government's jurisdiction over Tibet.