The Hui legislation in the Qing Dynasty Statutes is full of discrimination and oppression against the Hui, showing the unequal treatment of the Hui before the law. On the one hand, the Qing court "returned to the people for a long time, that is, they were different from the people", "Isn't it the people? On the other hand, it is falsely claimed that "the Hui people are stubborn and habitual, forming a party and becoming bandits, and it is not enough to punish them if they only handle them as usual."

In real life, it is not uncommon for the government to oppress the Hui people, and some Han scholars and doctors also have a lot of emotion, "The local officials have always favored the Han people, and all disputes and brawls, no matter whether they are right or wrong, they will suppress the Hui people." Arbitrarily in and out of its law, the Hui people killed the Han to die, the Han killed the Hui, and ordered to pay for twenty-four taels of silver", the Qing Emperor also had to admit: "The Hui people have been affiliated with China for a long time, and they have been educated by the country for more than 200 years. Why be willing to rebel? Blamed the reason, the magistrate did not handle it well, and in the event of mutual fighting, he could not handle it evenly, resulting in a deepening of hatred. ”

diplomacy

Diplomatic Missions

Main entries: Imperial Court, Prime Minister's National Affairs Yamen, Foreign Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Phased time war belligerent results

Early Qing Dynasty

Year 1627

The Battle of Ding Mao

North Korea (Yi Dynasty)

Korea was defeated, sued for peace, and was about a brotherly country

Year 1636

The Battle of the Cyl

North Korea (Yi Dynasty)

Korea was defeated and became a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty

1685-1686

Battle of Yaksa

Russia

The defeat of Tsarist Russia, the Treaty of Nebuchu

1765-1770

Qing-Burma War

Burma (Gongbang Dynasty)

Sign a peace treaty

1788-1789

The battle of the Qing attack on Annam Nguyen Hue

Annam (Nishiyama Dynasty)

Annan sued for peace

1788-1792

Battle of the Gurkhas

Gurkha

China won and defended the territory of Tibet

Late Qing Dynasty

1840-1842

First Opium War

United Kingdom

British victory, the Treaty of Nanking

1856-1860

Second Opium War

United Kingdom, France

Britain and France win, Russia fished for profit, Treaty of Tientsin, Treaty of Beijing

1875-1878

The Qing army fought to recover Xinjiang

The country of Kokand

China won and recovered Xinjiang

1883-1885

Sino-French War

France

China is undefeated and defeated, "Sino-French New Testament" and so on

1894-1895

Sino-Japanese First Sino-Japanese War

Japan

Japan wins, Treaty of Shimonoseki

Year 1900

The Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China

Britain, France, Germany, Russia, the United States, Japan, Italy, Austria

Eight Victories, "The Treaty of Xincho"

Year 1900

The Northeast military and civilian war against the invasion of Tsarist Russia

Russia

Tsarist Russia won, but failed to realize its "Yellow Russia Plan", the Sino-Russian Treaty on the Surrender of the Three Eastern Provinces

Signing of treaties of equality between the Qing government and foreign countries

Treaty name, time, national content

Treaty of Nebuchu

Year 1689

China and Russia

Demarcation of the eastern section of the border between China and Russia

Treaty of Brensch

Year 1727

China and Russia

Demarcation of the border between China and Russia in the middle section

Kyakhta Treaty

Year 1728

China and Russia

Demarcation of the border between China and Russia in the middle section

Tumen River China and South Korea Boundary Clause

Name of the treaty: Time for the Chinese signatory to pay compensation for lost land

Sino-British Peace Treaty of Guangzhou

Yu Baochun

—

Six million 7,700,000 taels

May 27, 1841

Sino-British Treaty of Nanjing (formerly known as Jiangning Treaty)

Jain, Irib

Hong kong island

21 million yuan

August 29, 1842

Sino-British Five-Mouth Trade Charter

Seniors

—

Six million 7,700,000 taels

July 22, 1843

Sino-US Five-Port Trade Charter

Seniors

—

—

July 3, 1844

Sino-British Humen Treaty

Seniors

—

—

October 24, 1844

Sino-French Whampoa Treaty

Seniors

—

—

October 24, 1844

Charters of the Anglo-French-American Concession in Shanghai

Lin Gui

Shanghai Concession

—

July 5, 1854

Sino-Russian Treaty of Aihui

Yishan

600,000 square kilometers

(North of Heilongjiang)

—

May 28, 1858

Sino-Russian Treaty of Tianjin

Gui Liang, Hua Shana

—

—

June 13, 1858

Sino-US Treaty of Tianjin

Gui Liang, Hua Shana

—

—

June 18, 1858

Sino-British Treaty of Tientsin

Gui Liang, Hua Shana

—

Four million taels

June 26, 1858

Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin

Gui Liang, Hua Shana

—

Two million taels

June 27, 1858

Sino-British Trade Statute Aftermath Treaty

Gui Liang

—

—

November 8, 1858

Sino-British Treaty of Beijing

Yi Yi

South of Boundary Street, Kowloon Peninsula

Thirteen million taels

October 24, 1860

Sino-French Treaty of Beijing

Yi Yi

—

Eight million taels

October 25, 1860

Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing

Yi Yi

400,000 square kilometers

(East of the Ussuri River, including Sakhalin)

—

November 4, 1860

Sino-Russian survey and demarcation of the northwest boundary

Mingyi

440,000 square kilometers

(East and south of Lake Balkhash)

—

October 7, 1864

The Sino-US Tianjin Treaty was renewed

Anson Pu

—

—

July 28, 1868

China and Japan reconcile the regulations

Li

—

—

August 13, 1871

China-Japan Beijing Special Article

Yi Yi

—

500,000 taels

October 31, 1874

Sino-British Yantai Treaty

Li

—

Two hundred thousand taels

September 13, 1876

Sino-Russian Treaty of Ili

Zeng Jize

70,000 square kilometers

Nine million rubles

February 24, 1881

Concise terms of the Sino-French Conference

Li

—

—

November 5, 1884

Sino-Japanese Treaty of Tianjin

Li

—

—

April 18, 1885

China and France will conclude the Treaty of Vietnam

Li

—

—

June 9, 1885

The Sino-British Yantai Treaty was renewed

Gui Liang

—

—

June 9, 1885

Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Beijing

Yixuan

—

—

December 1, 1887

Sino-British Conference Tibet-India Treaty

Shengtai

—

—

March 17, 1890

Sino-American Treaty of Chinese Workers

Yang Ru

—

—

March 7, 1894

Sino-Japanese Treaty of Shimonoseki

Li

36,000 square kilometers

(Taiwan & Penghu Islands)

Two hundred million taels

April 7, 1895

Sino-Japanese Treaty of Southern Liaoning

Li

Redemption of the Liaodong Peninsula

Thirty million taels

November 8, 1895

Sino-Russian secret treaty

Li

—

—

June 3, 1896

Sino-German Lend-Lease Treaty

Li

—

—

June 3, 1896

The Sino-British exhibition of Hong Kong is a special article

Li

New Territories

(99 years leased)

—

June 9, 1898

Eight-Nation Coalition Treaty of Xincho

Li

—

One billion taels, the actual compensation is about 60%

September 7, 1901

China and Britain renewed the Tibet-India Treaty

Tang Shaoyi

—

—

July 9, 1904

Sino-Japanese Manchurian Aftermath Treaty

Also known as the "Conference on the Matters of the Three Eastern Provinces and the Supplementary Covenant"

Yixuan

Qu Hongzhen

Yuan Shikai

—

—

December 22, 1905

Sino-Russian Manchuria Boundary Treaty

Song Xiaolian

1400 square kilometers

(north of the Ergun River)—

December 20, 1911