Step into the heyday

In 1662, Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne, and during his reign, he put down the rebellion of the three feudatories. Emperor Kangxi also adopted a series of measures conducive to social and economic recovery and development. In 1669, Kangxi ordered the abolition of the enclosure order, which would be stopped forever and stipulate that the enclosed land should be returned to the peasants. From 1671 onwards, the number of years of reclamation was successively relaxed, and it was stipulated that there were achievements in reclamation, and different official positions were given according to the amount of reclamation, which promoted the enthusiasm of reclamation, and by the end of the Kangxi Dynasty, the wasteland in the country was basically opened up. In 1685, Kangxi also stipulated that the new acres of land cultivated by the people should be "never allowed to be circled from now on", thus restricting the economic expansion of the aristocratic banner owners to a certain extent and benefiting the self-cultivated peasants. Kangxi also ordered that the Zhuangtian of the Ming Dynasty vassal king be changed to "renamed Tian".

In 1685 and 1686, he ordered the Qing army to attack the Russian army entrenched in Yaksa twice, curbing the ambitions of Tsarist Russia's aggression; In 1689, he sent representatives to sign the Treaty of Nebuchu with representatives of Tsarist Russia, which demarcated the eastern border between China and Russia; Quelled the rebellion of the nobles of Huijiang and Dzungaria.

After the middle of the Kangxi Dynasty, the handicraft industry, which had been seriously damaged by the war, was gradually restored and developed. During the Qianlong period, the silk weaving industry in Jiangning, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Foshan, Guangzhou and other places was very developed. The cotton weaving industry in the south of the Yangtze River and the porcelain in Jingdezhen have reached historical peaks. By the middle of the 18th century, the Qing Dynasty also had a significant increase in population.

Connecting the past and the future

In 1723, Emperor Yongzheng ascended the throne. In Kangxi's later years, the rule of officials was lax, and corruption and corruption had become a common practice. In the first month of the first year of Yongzheng (1723), he issued 11 edicts in succession, instructing civil and military officials at all levels that if they did not change, they would be severely punished for serious crimes. The Yongzheng Dynasty also improved the secret folding system. Only officials authorized by the emperor were eligible to play the fold. The number of officials Yongzheng Chao has increased to more than 1,200. The content of the twists and turns is almost all-encompassing. The emperor could directly talk to the officials through the recital, and better understand and grasp the actual situation below. Officials whistled and supervised each other, which strengthened the autocratic power of the emperor.

In order to alleviate class contradictions and promote agricultural production, Yongzheng implemented the system of "apportionment into the land". After that, the population grew dramatically. Yongzheng abolished the lowly status and issued the first edict in April 1723. Emperor Yongzheng ordered the opening of the Lehu untouchable households, and also ordered the provinces to inspect and allow them to be cheap if they found that there were untouchables similar to Lehu in the local area.

In terms of external affairs, in the early years of Yongzheng, the prince of Qinghai, Luo Buzang Danjin, intended to revive the Heshute Khanate and was in chaos, and the next year, Nian Qianyao and Yue Zhongqi and others pacified. For this reason, the Yongzheng Emperor occupied part of the Xikang region, and set up separate ministers in Xining and Lhasa to administer the Qinghai-Tibet region. Following Ortai's suggestion, the autonomous Tusi should be abolished and the ethnic minorities should be administered by local officials. incorporation of Khalkha Mongolia into the Qing dynasty; In 1727, the Treaty of Kyakhta was signed with Tsarist Russia, establishing the middle border between China and Russia. In 1729, Emperor Yongzheng listened to Zhang Tingyu's suggestion and used Fu Erdan and Yue Zhongqi's troops to fight against Dzungar Khan Galdan Tse Ling in Kobdo, and finally lost in the Battle of Hetongbo. In 1732, Galdan Tse marched eastward against the Khalkha Mongols, and his troops reached Hangai Mountain, where they were defeated by the Khalkha prince Tsereng. In 1734, the Qingzhun peace talks were held, with the Altai Mountains as the boundary, and the northwest was generally peaceful.

In the minority areas of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei and other provinces, Yongzheng has comprehensively implemented the system of "changing the land and returning it to the stream", that is, the Tusi system has been abolished, and prefectures, departments, prefectures, and counties have been set up in the above-mentioned areas, and non-hereditary "liuguan" with a term of office has been appointed to manage them. This management system is basically the same as that in the mainland. Emperor Yongzheng's land reform and repatriation dealt a blow to the hereditary privileges and interests of Tusi, reduced the burden and disasters of ethnic minorities in southwest China, and promoted the socio-economic and cultural progress of this region.