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In Zhang Jiashi's heart, the contention of a hundred schools of thought during the Warring States Period can actually be regarded as an influence of education level. Pen fun and pavilion www.biquge.info

After all, whether it is Confucianism or Taoism, or a soldier or a doctor, the foundation of its inheritance is the education of generations.

As far as the classics are concerned, why not be one of the crystallization of the wisdom of our ancestors?

Therefore, for Zhang Jiashi, the situation of a hundred schools of thought contending is not a mistake, but a basis for more choices in education methods.

In fact, as far as the education that Zhang Jiashi received before crossing is concerned, it is a kind of integration of multiple factions.

Of course, that kind of education, it is also difficult for Zhang Jiashi to have more sense of identity in his heart.

According to Zhang Jiashi's understanding that he has traveled for so long, that is, every education method actually has its own advantages and disadvantages, and if he was given the choice, he would prefer to be able to implement a "specialty" education policy, rather than the "cramming education" policy that he has suffered from.

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There are many allusions about education in Chinese history, but the most profound allusions are the peach and plum all over the world, as well as the apricot forest and Confucianism.

Have students all over the world:

Taoli: refers to the juniors who are cultivated or the students who are taught. This word is a metaphor for many students, and it is found everywhere.

Its source is "Zizhi Tongjian, Tang Ji, and the First Year of Wuhou Jiushi": "The world's peach and plum are all in the public gate." ”

Historically, there are two situations that are considered to be in line with the "peach and plum all over the world":

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the ministers of the Wei State were rich in learning and knowledgeable. Because he offended Wei Wenhou, he went to the house of an old acquaintance in the north to hide. This friend's family is not wealthy, and he does not want to add to the burden of his friend's life, so he wants to open a school and accept some students to teach and read to make a living. His friends were very supportive of him, so he set aside two empty rooms as classrooms, and the students accepted by Zi Hostage, regardless of whether they were rich or poor, could worship him as a teacher as long as they wanted to learn, and they would be treated equally.

There is a peach tree and a plum tree in this school. All the students who came to school knelt under the peach and plum trees to recognize Mr. Pointing to the two trees that had already borne fruit, he taught the students: "You all have to study hard and bear fruit like these two trees." Only with high knowledge can we make a great career for the country.

In order to educate students into useful talents, the child is carefully taught. Under his strict discipline, the students studied hard and learned a lot of real skills. Later, these students became the pillars of the country. In order to appreciate Mr. Zizhi's teachings, they planted peach and plum trees in their own homes.

When he traveled to various countries, he met students who were officials in various countries, and when he saw the two kinds of trees planted by the students, he proudly said, "My students are really full of peach and plum all over the world!" From then on, the teacher called the students "peach and plum" and called the students "peach and plum all over the world."

The other is:

When Wu Zetian was the emperor in the Tang Dynasty, there was a prime minister named Di Renjie, whose name was Huaiying, and he was from Taiyuan. This person is highly respected and dares to speak out, which is deeply appreciated by Wu Zetian. Wu Zetian called him "the elder of the country" (when Wu Zetian ascended the throne, Di Renjie was already in his sixties) and did not call him by his first name. Even when he went to court, Wu Zetian didn't let him kneel down, saying: Seeing Di Gong bowing, I was in pain all over. Wu Zetian often said to other ministers: "It's not a particularly important military matter, don't bother Di Lao." ”

In order to consolidate his rule, Wu Zetian took a variety of measures to recruit talents, and asked Di Renjie to recommend talents who could serve as generals. Di Renjie recommended dozens of people such as Zhang Cambodia and Yao Chong, and most of these people later became famous ministers. Someone said to Di Renjie: "You are really a great person, and the talented ministers in the court are all recommended by you, and you are really full of peach and plum." Di Renjie said: "Recommending talented people to serve the country is not for personal gain, it is what I should do." ”

In 700 AD, the seventy-year-old Di Renjie died of illness, and Wu Zetian wept bitterly. Since then, whenever there is a major matter in the imperial court and everyone can't solve it, Wu Zetian often sighs and says: "Why did God take away my country so early!"

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The origin of the allusion to Confucianism is unknown, and many people believe that it mainly comes from the title summary of "The Outer History of Confucianism". The word "Confucianism" originates from the "Historical Records" and "Confucianism". It is the "forest of Confucianism", referring to the academic world, etc.

Because "The Outer History of Confucianism" is a long novel with intellectuals as the main object of description, and it is also a typical satirical novel. The Outer History of Confucianism depicts some Confucian scholars who were deeply poisoned by the eight-strand imperial examination system, reflecting the corruption of the secular atmosphere at that time.

Some of its contents are written that Zhou Jin and Fan Jin have exhausted their life's energy for the exam, and they have not yet been admitted to the exam. Despite the extreme hardship of life, he still remembered the imperial examination. Zhou Jin passed by an examination room, went in to watch, touched the bitterness and pain of his life, cried loudly, and was so sad that he died. Later, with the help of some small businessmen, he took the exam and won the sympathy of the examiner. When he was promoted in the examination, those who had previously ridiculed and ridiculed him came to flatter him and touted him as the most learned person. Another example is Fan Jin, whose family was so poor that he didn't have rice to put in the pot before the middle lift, so he went to the market to sell an old hen with him. When he learned the news of his lift, he was overjoyed and became a madman, but fortunately, his father-in-law Hu Butcher slapped him and brought him back to his senses. At this time, the local squires and other prominent figures were impressed by him, some gave houses, some gave property, and Fan Jin's life immediately changed.

In "Historical Records: The Biography of Confucianism", there are some very profound descriptions:

Taishi Gong said: Yu read the order, as for the road of Guangli Xueguan, he sighed without abandoning the book. He said: Whew, the husband and the Zhou room are declining and the Guan Ju is done, the faint and the etiquette is bad, the princes are arbitrary, and the government is governed by the country. Therefore, Confucius Min Wang abandoned the road and the evil way prospered, so he discussed the second poetry and books, and cultivated the ritual music. It is suitable to smell Shao, and I don't know the taste of meat in March. Defend yourself and return to Lu, and then be happy, and Yasong will get his place. The world is turbid and cannot be used, and it is because Zhong Nigan has nothing to encounter for more than 70 years, and he said, "Those who use me are only a month." The west hunted for the lin, and said "my way is poor". Therefore, because the historical record is the Spring and Autumn Period, in order to be the king's law, its words are subtle and refer to Bo, and later generations of scholars have recorded many of them.

Since the death of Confucius, the disciples of the Seventy Sons have wandered among the princes, the eldest of whom is the master and the prime minister, and the younger one who is friendly to the priest and the doctor, or who have disappeared. Therefore, Zi Lu Juwei, Zi Zhang Ju Chen, Zi Tai Zi Yu Ju Chu, Zi Xia Ju Xihe, Zi Gong finally in Qi. For example, Tian Zifang, Duan Ganmu, Wu Qi, and Poultry Slippery are all employed by Zixia Zhilun and are the king's teachers. It was Shi Duwei Wenhou who was studious. Houling is so late that the first emperor, the world and the Warring States, cowardice is not enough, but between Qilu, scholars are not abolished. On the occasion of Wei and Xuan, Mencius and Xun Qing were among them, and they were polished in accordance with the master's business, so as to learn from the world.

In the Ji Shi of Qin, poetry books were burned, and the six arts were lacking. The king of Chen She, and Lu Zhuru returned to King Chen with the ritual of Kong. So Kong Jia was Dr. Chen She, and he died with him. Chen waded up the puppet, drove the tile suitable for the war, and in the tenth month to Wang Chu, less than half a year old actually perished, the matter was very shallow, but the disciples of Mr. Jin Gentry carried Confucius rituals to the commission as a minister, why not?

Therefore, Confucius said in Chen, "Belong to and return to the country!" The boy of our party is crazy and simple, and he has made great achievements, and he does not know why he is cut down. Between Fu Qilu and literature, since ancient times, its nature also. Therefore, the Han Xing, and then the Confucians began to learn the rites of drinking in the countryside. Uncle and grandson are all Han etiquette, because it is too common, the disciples of all living beings are co-determined, and Xian is the first to choose, so he sighs and is interested in learning. However, there is still a fight, and the four seas are pacified, and there is no time to leave the order. When Xiaohui and Empress Lu were all meritorious ministers. Filial piety is quite useful, but Emperor Xiaowen is good at punishment. As for filial piety, he is not a Confucian, and the Empress Dowager Dou is good at Huang Lao's skills, so the doctors have officials to be asked, and there is no one who enters.

And now on the throne, Zhao Juan and Wang Zangzhi belong to Ming Confucianism, and Shang is also a village, so he recruits Fangzheng virtuous and virtuous literary scholars. Since then, the words and poems have been written in Lu Zeshen Peigong, in Qi Zeyuan Gusheng, and in Yan Zehan Taifu. Yan Shangshu is from Jinan Fusheng. Words and courtesies from Lu Gaotang. It is easy to say that it is self-evident and Kawada is born. Yan Chunqiu is born in Qilu from Hu Wusheng, and from Zhao from Dong Zhongshu. and the Empress Dowager Dou collapsed, Wu'an Hou Tian Wei was the prime minister, Huang Lao, the words of the hundred schools of criminal names, hundreds of Confucian scholars, and Gongsun Hong took the Spring and Autumn White clothes as the three princes of the Son of Heaven, and was named the Marquis of Pingjin. The bachelors of the world are in the countryside.

Gongsun Hong is a scholar, and the depression of mourning is pleased: "The Prime Minister's Imperial History: The system says, 'Gai Wen guides the people with courtesy, and the wind is happy.'" Marriage, HOS is also a big lun. Today's ceremony is wasted, and I am very sad. Therefore, the details of the world's well-informed people, Xiandeng dynasties. He ordered the ceremonial officials to persuade them to learn, and to discuss and negotiate the etiquette, thinking that they were the first in the world. Too often discussed, with the doctor's disciples, Chongxiang Zhihua, to Guangxian material'. I would like to discuss with Taichang Zang and Dr. Zang on an equal footing: Hearing the way of the three generations, there is teaching in the township, Xia said the school, Yin said the order, and Zhou said Zhen. It also exhorts the good and shows the court, and its punishment also adds punishment to the evil. Therefore, the line of education is also built from the beginning of the Beijing teacher, from the inside and outside. Now His Majesty is virtuous, open-minded, with heaven and earth, I am human, persuade to learn the courtesy, worship Li Xian, with the wind in all directions, the plain of peace. The ancients did not negotiate politics and religion, and did not prepare for their courtesy, so please be prosperous because of the old officials. Fifty disciples were placed for the doctor's official position, and he was restored. Too often to choose the eighteenth year of the people, the person with good manners, make up the disciple of the doctor. There is good literature in the county, the county, the county, At the age of one, they all take the test, and they can pass more than one to make up for the lack of literature; That is, there are talents and so on, and they are famous. If they don't learn anything and can't get through it, they will be punished, and those who don't know it will be punished. The edict of the minister is under the law, and the people of tomorrow are divided, the righteousness of the past and the present, the article is elegant, the precepts are profound, and the grace is very beautiful. The little officials heard it shallowly, and they couldn't investigate it, and they couldn't make it clear. Governing etiquette and governing the past, taking literature and etiquette as officials, moving and staying. Please choose its rank ratio of more than 200 stones, and the rank of 100 stones or more, and make up the history of the left and right internal and the history of the great line; If it is insufficient, it is to choose to make up for the 2,000 stones, and the literature to make up for the county, and to reserve the staff. Please take the order. It is like a law. He said, "Yes." Since then, the ministers and scholars have been many literary scholars.

From the above content, it can be seen that Confucianism was not actually the mainstream of national education before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "deposed the hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone", and before that, Legalism and Taoism were the keynote of governance.

It can be said that in the period before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the social status of Confucianism was indeed improved with the gradual decline of other princes and hundreds of schools. But there is no doubt that Confucianism is really not worthy of the title of "Confucianism" in this period of history.

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Shen Gong, Lu people also. Gaozu passed through Lu, and Shen Gong entered Gaozu in Lunan Palace as a disciple. When the Empress Dowager Lü, Shen Gong traveled to Chang'an and studied with Liu Ying. has been the king of Chu, so that Shen Gong Fu his crown prince Wu. E is not easy to learn, and he is sick to apply for the public. and Wang Ying, Wu Li was the king of Chu, and Xu Mi was the Duke of Shen. Shen Gong was ashamed, returned to Lu, retired from home education, never went out for life, refused guests, and called him by the king. There are more than 100 disciples from afar to the recipients. Shen Gongdu uses the Book of Poetry as a training to teach, and there is no transmission, and those who doubt it are not transmitted.

Zang, the king of Lanling, received the poem and took Emperor Xiaojing as the prince and young master, and was dismissed. At the beginning of this day, Zang Nai was on the book and the guard, tired, and he was the commander of Lang in the middle of the year. And on behalf of Zhao Juan, he also tasted the poetry of Shen Gong, and he was the imperial historian. Juan, Zang invited the Son of Heaven, and wanted to establish the Ming Hall to court the princes, but he couldn't do it, but said that the teacher Shen Gong. So the Son of Heaven made the envoy to tie the silk and add the bi'an chariot and horse to welcome the Duke of Shen, and the two disciples rode to pass on. To, see the Son of Heaven. The Son of Heaven asked about the chaos control, and Shen Gong was more than eighty years old, and he said: "Those who govern don't say much, and they care about what they do." "It's the time when the Son of Heaven is good at writing, seeing Shen Gong, he is silent. However, it has been incurred, and it is thought that the Taizhong doctor, Shelu Di, and the Ming Hall matter. Empress Dowager Dou is a good old man, not to mention Confucianism, but to Zhao Juan, Wang Zang's fault to let go, because of the abolition of the Ming Hall, Zhao Juan, Wang Zang, and then all committed suicide. Shen Gong was also spared from illness and died a few years ago.

There are more than ten disciples who are doctors: Kong Anguo to Linhuai Taishou, Zhou Ba to Jiaoxi Internal History, Xia Kuan to Chengyang Internal History, Danglu Ci to Donghai Taishou, Lanling Miaosheng to Changsha Internal History, Xu Yan to Jiaoxi Lieutenant, Zou Renque Men Qingji to Jiaodong Internal History. Its officials and people are all honest and honest, and they are called studious. Although the scholars and disciples are not prepared, as for the doctors, Langzhong, and the palms, there are hundreds. Although the poems are different, most of them are based on Shen Gong.

The king of Qinghe, Fu Yuan, is a solid person, and Qi people are also. To govern poetry, filial piety is a doctor. Before arguing with Huang Sheng about Emperor Jing. Huang Sheng said: "Tang Wu is not ordered, but killed." Yuan Gusheng said: "No. Huang Sheng said: "Although the crown is lost, it will be added to the first; although the new performance is new, it must be enough." Where, there is a distinction between the top and the bottom. Although he is unreasonable, he is also a king, and although Tang Wu is a saint, his subordinates are also. If the husband and master have misbehaved, the subordinates can't speak up to respect the Son of Heaven, but punish him because of the transgression, and practice the south on behalf of him, so what is the reason for not killing?" Yuan Gusheng said: "If it is like the cloud, it is the position of the Son of Heaven on behalf of Emperor Gao, that is, the Son of Heaven, and it is not evil?" So Emperor Jing said: "Eat meat and not horse liver, and do not know the taste; "That's it. It was the later scholar Mo Dangming who was ordered to release the killers.

Empress Dowager Dou is a good Lao Tzu book, and Zhao Yuan Gusheng asked Lao Tzu Shu. Gu said: "This is the words of the family. The Queen Mother said angrily: "Ande Sikong Chengdan Shuhu?" is to make the solid into the circle of thorns. Emperor Jing knew that the Empress Dowager was angry and bluntly said that she was not guilty, but she was a fake solid soldier, and she stabbed the pig in the lower circle, hitting her heart, and she fell down in response to the stab. The Queen Mother was silent, and there was no way to repudiate the crime, so she stopped. Living in the middle of nowhere, Emperor Jing regarded solidity as honesty and worshiped as the prince of Qinghe. For a long time, the illness is avoided.

These descriptions describe the corresponding experiences of Confucianism during the Han Dynasty, and because of the disapproval of Confucian doctrine by its rulers, even if Confucianism was elevated in society, its fundamental influence on the governance of the state did not reach a significant level. (To be continued.) )

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