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In addition to the soldiers, the last of the 12 schools of thought, that is, the doctors, can be said to be a school that has been passed down to this day. Pen ~ Fun ~ Pavilion www.biquge.info please search and see the most complete!

Of course, this kind of inheritance can only be regarded as a broad sense rather than a comprehensive one. Because there are many famous doctors who have left traces in history, they themselves have a relatively confined thinking, resulting in the medical skills they have learned can only be displayed in a flash in the pan due to many accidents.

It's like Hua Tuo, whose medical skills have been lost after he was killed by Cao Cao, and not like Zhang Zhongjing, another famous doctor of the same era, who has his book "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" circulated in the world.

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There is a theory in later generations that the formation of Chinese medical theories was from the second half of the fifth century BC to the middle of the third century AD, a total of more than 700 years. In the second half of the fifth century BC, China began to enter a feudal society. The transition from a slave society to a feudal society and the establishment of the feudal system was a period of great turmoil in Chinese history. The change of the social system has promoted the development of the economy, and a new situation has emerged in the fields of ideology, science and culture, including the development of medicine. A doctor is a general term for all people who practice medicine.

The earliest famous figure of the doctor was Bian Que, and later generations often called him Bian Que as a doctor with superb medical skills, indicating his superb medical skills.

Bian Que (407 B.C. - 310 B.C.), surnamed Qin, named Slow, the word Yueren, honorific title Bian Que, number Lu Yi. Bian Que was a famous medical scientist during the Warring States period and ranked first among the top ten medical scientists in ancient China.

(The top ten famous doctors in ancient China are as follows: Bian Que, Hua Tuo, Zhang Zhongjing, Huangfu Mi, Ge Hong, Sun Simiao, Qian Yi, Song Ci, Li Shizhen, and Ye Gui.) ）

When Bian Que was young, he managed the inn for the nobles, worshiped the famous doctor Sang Jun, and got his true inheritance, passed on his medical skills and forbidden prescriptions, was good at various subjects, and began his medical career. He has extensive experience in medical practice and opposes witchcraft healing. He was gifted and intelligent, and was good at learning from the experience of previous generations and people, and gradually mastered a variety of treatment methods, and later reached the point of perfection in medical skills. Then he went on a tour of the nations. He travels all over the world to practice medicine, is good at various departments, and can know the location of the disease by looking at the eyes and listening to the sounds. And led his disciples to practice medicine in various places, because of his excellent medical skills, he was respected as a divine doctor by the common people at that time, and borrowed the name of the divine doctor of the Yellow Emperor in ancient mythology "Bian Que" to call him.

Later, he treated the illness of King Wu of Qin. The imperial physician Li Li was jealous and sent someone to kill him.

Bian Que is in the process of diagnosing the disease. The comprehensive diagnostic techniques of traditional Chinese medicine have been applied, that is, the four diagnosis methods summarized by traditional Chinese medicine later: looking, smelling, asking and palpating, at that time Bian Que called them looking at color, listening to sounds, writing pictures and cutting pulses. He is good at looking at color, and judges the symptoms of the disease, the evolution of the course and the prognosis through the look. Bian Que is proficient in internal and external, gynecology, pediatrics, five senses and other departments, and uses acupuncture, acupuncture, massage, decoction, hot ironing and other methods to treat diseases, and is respected as the ancestor of medicine.

Bian Que's pulse cutting diagnosis method is also outstanding and has a high level. The "Historical Records" praised Bian Que as the first doctor to apply pulse diagnosis in clinical practice. In the pre-Qin period, the pulse diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine was based on the three parts and nine waiting methods, that is, when diagnosing diseases. The veins of the whole body, including the head and neck, upper limbs, lower limbs and body, must be cut. Bian Que was the first doctor in the history of China to use pulse diagnosis to judge diseases, and put forward the corresponding pulse diagnosis theory.

Bian Que attaches great importance to the prevention of diseases. Judging from the case of Cai Huangong, the reason why he persuaded him to treat it early many times is that he has the idea of preventing illness before it happens. He believes that it is necessary to take measures in advance to eliminate diseases in the bud, so as to achieve twice the result with half the effort. He once pointed out with great feeling: There are many types of diseases that objectively exist, but doctors are suffering from too few ways to treat them.

In terms of treatment. Bian Que is proficient in the use of comprehensive treatment methods. Integrative therapy is the main treatment measure for Bian Que in his medical practice. In the pre-Qin period, medicine was not clearly divided into specialties in clinical syndrome. Although there are veterinarians, food doctors, disease doctors, and ulcer doctors in the "Zhou Li", this is only a setting in the court. Veterinarians, food doctors, and ulcer doctors manage animal diseases, palace diets, and surgical procedures with knives and scissors, respectively. Other diseases and symptoms fall under the scope of disease medicine. Bian Que is an all-rounder who can treat various diseases, and Bian Que can also adapt to local needs. Carry out medical activities in accordance with the changing customs.

It is recorded that Bian Que was also skilled in surgery, and used drug anesthesia to perform the operation:

Lu Gonghu and Zhao Qiying had a slight illness, so they asked Bian Que for treatment together, and Bian Que said to Gonghu: "Your ambition is strong but your body is very weak, you have a plan but you are not decisive, Qi Ying, your ambition is weak but your body is very good." Unthinking but too persistent. If you swap your hearts, you can balance the disease. Bian Que let the two drink medicinal wine, they passed out for many days, cut open their chests and found their hearts, put them in exchange, and then gave them the magic medicine, so they woke up after a while, as healthy as at the beginning, and then the two said goodbye to Bian Que and went home.

Bian Que laid the foundation of the traditional medical diagnosis method of the motherland.

Sima Qian praised him and said: "Bian Que is a doctor and a sect of prescriptions." Keep the number shrewdly, and the future generations will repair (follow) the order, and the Buddha can be easy. ”

He spent his whole life conscientiously summing up the experience of his predecessors and the people, combined with his own medical practice, and made outstanding contributions to the medicine of the motherland in diagnosis, pathology, and treatment. Bian Que's medical experience occupies an important position in the history of medicine in China, and has a great impact on the development of medicine in China. Therefore, the medical community has always respected Bian Que as the ancestor of ancient medicine in China, saying that he is "the saint of Chinese medicine" and "the founder of ancient medicine." ”

The only pity is that although Bian Que has laid the foundation of traditional Chinese medicine, only one copy of the "Book of Difficulties" has been handed down, and this medical book obviously cannot represent all the medical skills of Bian Que.

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During the period from the pre-Qin to the Qin and Han dynasties, there should have been a lot of medical books circulating in Chinese history, and this point is also explained in the record of book burning and Confucianism in the "Historical Records":

"Historical Records: Qin Shi Huang Benji": The ministers invited the historian to burn it if it was not Qin Ji. If you are not a doctor, you dare to have a collection of poems, books, and hundreds of languages in the world. There are those who dare to say poetry and books to abandon the market. The ancient is not the present. Whoever sees that he does not raise the line is guilty of the same crime. The order is not to burn for 30 days, and it is a city. Those who do not go, the book of medicine divination and tree planting. If you want to learn the law, take the officials as teachers.

From this point of view, medical books at that time were not in the category of books on pharmacology, divination tutorials, etc.

However, in the pre-Qin period, there were not many famous medical books that have been handed down, and the representatives of them are "The Yellow Emperor's Neijing" and "The Book of Difficulties".

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"The Yellow Emperor's Neijing" is divided into two parts, "Lingshu" and "Suwen", which is the earliest medical classic in China and one of the four classic works of traditional medicine (the other three are "The Book of Difficulty", "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases", and "Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica").

The Yellow Emperor's Neijing is a comprehensive medical book. On the basis of Huang Lao Taoist theory, he established the theories of "Yin and Yang Five Elements Theory", "Pulse Theory", "Tibetan Elephant Theory", "Meridian Theory", "Etiology Theory", "Pathogenesis Theory", "Symptoms", "Diagnosis Method", "Treatment" and "Health Maintenance", "Luck Theory" and other theories in traditional Chinese medicine, discussing medicine from a holistic perspective, presenting a natural, biological, psychological, and social "holistic medical model".

Its basic material comes from the long-term observation of life phenomena by the ancient Chinese, a large number of clinical practices, and simple anatomical knowledge. It has laid the foundation for the understanding of human physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment, and is a medical work with great influence in China, known as the "ancestor of medical books".

It can be seen that although the "Yellow Emperor's Neijing" was not handed down from the mythological era, it had considerable influence before the "Difficult Scripture". It may guide the medical path of the healers after its release.

Of course, the "Yellow Emperor's Neijing" during this period has not yet been officially written. But it is clear that there is already a certain amount of content that has been integrated and passed on to future generations.

The Yellow Emperor's Neijing, also known as the Neijing, is one of the earliest classics in China and the first of the four classics of traditional Chinese medicine. According to legend, it was made by the Yellow Emperor, because of its name. However, later generations recognized that this book was finally formed in the Western Han Dynasty, and the author was not a single person, but was created by the inheritance, supplementation and development of the old Huang doctors in the past dynasties of China. As pointed out in the "Huainanzi Cultivation Training", it was named "Yellow Emperor". It is intended to trace back to the origin, so as to illustrate the early origin of Chinese medical culture. It is not a momentary statement, nor is it the hand of one person.

"The Yellow Emperor's Neijing" is divided into two parts: "Su Wen" and "Lingshu".

Su Wen focuses on the viscera, meridians, etiology, pathogenesis, disease syndromes, diagnosis methods, treatment principles, and acupuncture.

The Soul is an inseparable companion to the Suwen, and its content is largely the same. In addition to discussing the function, etiology and pathogenesis of the viscera, it also focuses on the meridians and acupoints, acupuncture, acupuncture and treatment principles.

The Yellow Emperor's Neijing comprehensively summarizes the medical achievements of the Qin and Han dynasties, and its writing marks a new stage in the rise of Chinese medicine from empirical medicine to theoretical medicine. It summarizes the medical achievements before the Warring States period in various aspects, such as the holistic view, the contradictory view, the study of meridians, the study of visceral phenomena, the etiology and pathogenesis, the health and preventive medicine, and the principles of diagnosis and treatment. It also provided theoretical guidance for the development of Chinese medicine after the Warring States period, laid a solid foundation, and had far-reaching influence.

Most of the innovations and achievements of famous doctors in theory and practice have a close relationship with the Yellow Emperor's Neijing.

"The Yellow Emperor's Neijing" has a very high status in Chinese medicine, and later generations have achieved success in medical doctors, all of whom attach importance to this book. It has been translated into Japanese, English, German, French and other languages. It has also had a non-negligible impact on the development of world medicine.

With a simple materialist viewpoint and dialectical thought, the Yellow Emperor's Neijing expounds the principles of man and nature, as well as physiology, anatomy, pathology, diagnosis, health preservation, prevention and treatment. It has become the cornerstone of Chinese medicine, the source of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine, and the basis for diagnosis and treatment of various clinical departments. Later generations regarded it as a "classic medical book" and a must-read book for those who study traditional Chinese medicine. It is an important document for the study of traditional Chinese medicine and a valuable cultural heritage of the Chinese nation. As the theoretical and ideological basis and essence of traditional Chinese medicine, it has played an indispensable role in the long history of the Han nation in the past 2,000 years.

The Yellow Emperor's Neijing is the source of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine, and is a classic work that comprehensively discusses the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. It is based on ancient anatomical knowledge, guided by ancient philosophical thoughts, through long-term observation of life phenomena and repeated verification of medical practice, from perceptual to rational, from fragmentary to synthetic, and gradually developed, and put forward many important theoretical principles and academic views.

The Yellow Emperor's Neijing not only laid the basic framework of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine, but also provided the possibility for the continuous improvement and forward development of traditional Chinese medicine in later generations. Neijing is not only the best testimony to the level of medical development at that time, but also a reliable cornerstone for the development of modern Chinese medicine research.

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In addition to the "Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon", what was handed down to later generations in the pre-Qin period was the "Difficult Classic" compiled by Bian Que.

"The Book of Difficulty" is a book published during the Warring States Period, the author is Bian Que, formerly known as "The Yellow Emperor's Eighty-one Difficult Classics", one of the ancient works of Chinese medicine, and the legend is that it was made by the Qin Yue people (Bian Que) during the Warring States Period. This book is compiled in the form of questions and answers to explain difficult questions, and a total of 81 questions are discussed, so it is also called "Eighty-one Difficulties".

The book is mainly based on basic theories, and some disease syndromes are also analyzed. Among them, 1 to 22 are difficult to study the pulse, 23 to 29 are difficult to be meridians, 30 to 47 are difficult to be visceral, 48 to 61 are difficult to be diseases, 62 to 68 are acupoints, and 69 to 81 are difficult to acupuncture.

It is possible that part of the content of the "Book of Difficulties" is Bian Que's answer to the unreasonable situation in the "Yellow Emperor's Neijing" that circulated at that time.

Of course, only God knows how likely this is, because the complete version of the Yellow Emperor's Neijing cannot be compared with the crude version of the time.

Later generations believed that the author put forward what he thought were difficult and doubtful points, and then explained them one by one, and some of the problems were expounded. The book is divided into 81 difficulties, and many issues such as the function and form of the human organs, the diagnosis method and pulse, and the meridian acupuncture method are discussed one by one. However, according to research, the book is a work under the pretense. It was written before the Eastern Han Dynasty (one said to be in the Qin and Han dynasties). The book is compiled in the form of difficult questions, that is, hypothetical questions and answers, and explains difficult questions, so it is called "The Book of Difficulties".

The content includes basic theories such as pulse diagnosis, meridians, viscera, yin and yang, etiology, pathology, camp and health, Yu acupoints, acupuncture, etc., and also lists some disease syndromes. The book is mainly based on basic theories, combined with some clinical medicine, and focuses on pulse diagnosis, viscera, meridians, and Yu acupoints in the basic theory. Among them, 1~22 are difficult to discuss the pulse, 23~29 difficult to discuss the meridians, 30~47 difficult to discuss the viscera, 48~61 difficult to discuss the disease, 62~68 difficult to discuss the Yu acupoints, and 69~81 difficult to discuss acupuncture. The book's academic insights on the Vital Gate and Sanjiao, as well as the Seven Chongmen (the seven key parts of the digestive tract) and the Eight Hui (the meeting of the essence and qi of the viscera, intestines, tendons, marrow, blood, bones, pulses, and qi), have enriched and developed the theoretical system of Chinese medicine. The book also clearly stated that "typhoid fever has five" (including stroke, typhoid fever, damp temperature, fever, and temperature disease), and explained the accumulation of the five internal organs, diarrhea and other diseases, which were valued by later generations of doctors. The content of the book is concise and subtle, and it is often mentioned in the classics of Chinese medicine together with the Neijing, and is considered one of the most important classical medical books. In later history, there were many publications and commentaries on the Book of Difficulties. (To be continued.) )

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