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Ancient Chinese physicians, in many respects, are relatively comprehensive, and they have a relatively solid foundation. Pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info copy URL visit %77%77%77%2e%76%6f%64%74%77%2e%63%6f%6d

However, there is one point that can be said to be the weakness of the medical school, and that is the lack of research on the system of infectious diseases.

In a sense, doctors' attitudes towards infectious diseases can be said to be unable to avoid them, which may be directly related to the lack of understanding of infectious diseases.

Of course, the scope of this infectious disease is too large, just like typhoid fever in ancient China, which is often confused with a severe cold.

In this regard, before Zhang Zhongjing wrote "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases", there was no systematic treatment for this disease in ancient times, and patients were often left to fend for themselves......

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"Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" was written by Zhang Zhongjing at the beginning of the 3rd century AD, when he read a wide range of books, collected a wide range of methods, and condensed his life's efforts to write the book "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases". Typhoid fever in Chinese medicine is actually a general term for all external diseases, including plague. The book was written around the year AD.

In 219 AD, Zhang Zhongjing died. Having lost the author's protection, "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" began its journey in the world. At that time, the dissemination of books could only be copied by hand, and it was very difficult to spread. Soon after, the original book was lost.

In the Jin Dynasty, the first key figure in the fate of "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" appeared. This imperial physician named Wang Shuhe came across this book by chance. The book is already broken and fragmented, and Uncle Wang is excited to read this intermittent strange book. Using his identity as a physician, he made every effort to collect various manuscripts of "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases", and finally found all the parts about typhoid fever, sorted them out, and named them "Treatise on Typhoid Fever". "Treatise on Typhoid Fever" has 22 treatises, describing 397 treatment methods, containing 113 prescriptions, totaling more than 50,000 words, but the miscellaneous part of "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" has disappeared. Wang Shuhe's credit, in the words of Xu Dachun, a famous doctor in the Qing Dynasty. It is "Gou has no uncle and no book".

Wang Shuhe has a deep relationship with Zhang Zhongjing, not only compiled medical books for him, but also left us the earliest written record of Zhang Zhongjing. Wang Shuhe said in the preface of "Pulse Meridian": "The husband's medicine is for use, and his life is tied to it." and the magpie is wonderful, still or Garth; If there is any doubt, the school will be tested for verification. ”

Afterwards. The book gradually circulated among the people and was highly respected by doctors. Tao Hongjing, a famous doctor in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, once said: "Only Zhang Zhongjing is the ancestor of all parties." It is conceivable that this foundational, high-rise work made people know its author and pushed the author to the lofty status of a medical saint.

The Song Dynasty, 800 years after Zhang Zhongjing's death, was a dynasty that rejuvenated the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases". During the reign of Song Renzong, a Hanlin scholar named Wang Zhu found a book of "beetle slips" in the library of the Hanlin Academy, a bamboo slip that had been eaten by insects, and the title of the book was "Jin Kui Yu Han Yao Fang Treatise".

Part of the book is similar to that of the Treatise on Typhoid Fever. The other part is about miscellaneous diseases. Later, when the famous doctors Lin Yi, Sun Qi and others were ordered by the imperial court to revise the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever", they compared it with the "Jin Kui Yu Han Strategy", and knew that it was written by Zhong Jing, so it was renamed "Jin Kui Yaolu" and published in the world, with a total of 25 articles. 262 songs. At this point, several key characters in the fate of "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" have all appeared.

After the historical development to the world where Zhang Jiashi was originally located, "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" has been written for nearly 2,000 years, and it has been recognized as the originator of Chinese medical prescriptions, and has been praised by the academic community as the most influential clinical classic work that emphasizes syndrome differentiation and treatment. The prescriptions listed in the book. Most of them are well matched, and many of them have been confirmed by modern science, and later generations of doctors have applied them according to the law, and they can achieve good results. Historically, four or five hundred scholars have explored its theoretical prescriptions and left nearly 1,000 monographs and monographs, thus forming a very brilliant and unique typhoid school in the history of traditional Chinese medicine. According to statistics, as of 2002. Nearly 2,000 books have been published for the study of the Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases.

"Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" has not only become a must-read book for doctors in China for generations, but also widely circulated overseas, such as Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia and other countries. Especially in Japan, there was a special sect of Zhang Zhongjing's ancient prescription school in history, until today, the Japanese traditional Chinese medicine community still likes to use Zhang Zhongjing's prescription, and in some famous Chinese medicine pharmaceutical factories in Japan, typhoid prescriptions generally account for more than 60%. Typhoid prescriptions generally account for more than 60% of the proprietary Chinese medicines (leaching agents) produced by some well-known Chinese medicine pharmaceutical factories in Japan, such as Kotaro, Uchida, and Mori Fudo, (some of which are obviously evolutionary formulas of typhoid formulas). It can be seen that "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" has a far-reaching influence on the Japanese Chinese medicine community and the whole world.

"Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" is the earliest clinical diagnosis and treatment book in China that integrates theory with practice. It systematically analyzes the causes, symptoms, stages of development and treatment methods of typhoid fever, creatively establishes the principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment of typhoid fever by the "Six Classics Classification", and lays the theoretical foundation of theory, law, prescription and medicine. The book also selects more than 300 prescriptions, and the drug compatibility of these prescriptions is relatively refined, and the indications are clear. Such as ephedra soup, guizhi soup, bupleurum soup, white tiger soup, Qinglong soup, Ma Xing Shigan soup. These well-known formulas, which have been tested by thousands of years of clinical practice, have been proven to have high efficacy and provide a basis for the development of TCM formulas. Later, many prescriptions developed and changed from it. Hua Tuo, a famous doctor, read this book and exclaimed: "This is a real living book." Yu Jiayan highly praised Zhang Zhongjing's "Treatise on Typhoid Fever" and said: "It is the ancestor of all parties and the ancestor of all parties." "Like the glory of the sun and the moon, the sun and the moon are restored, and the eternity is always bright" ("Chinese Medical Examination"). There have been many works on commentaries and interpretations of this book throughout the ages. In particular, there are as many as three or four hundred kinds of works that annotate and expound the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever."

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Zhang Zhongjing is said to have compiled not only "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases", but also the following medical books: "Prescription for Treating Women", "Treatise on the Five Organs", "Treatise on Oral Teeth", etc., but unfortunately only "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" has been handed down.

Later generations of doctors believed that the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" established the principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment:

In Chinese medicine, when a doctor asks about the condition, he must first understand what symptoms the patient has, such as headache, fever, cold intolerance, cough, etc., as well as the patient's expression, and press the patient's pulse. By carefully identifying the "syndrome", treatment can be discussed and then medication prescribed. Such a whole process. It's called "dialectical argumentation".

Zhang Zhongjing wrote the preface to "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" in "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Death", saying: "...... He wrote "Su Wen", "Nine Volumes", "Eighty-one Difficulties", "Yin and Yang Treatise", "Placental Medicine Record", and flattened the pulse to distinguish the syndrome, which is "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases", which is 16 volumes ......". It shows that he wrote "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" on the basis of inheriting the theories of the existing achievements in ancient times, combined with his own clinical practice, and new developments.

During the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In society, there is a certain market for witchcraft to cure diseases and superstitious ghosts and gods, so once you get sick. Often because of the lack of treatment, the life and health of patients are threatened, Zhang Zhongjing saw it in his eyes and felt very emotional. Therefore, in the preface to his work, it is written: "...... Yu clan Su many, to Yu two hundred, since the Jian'an era (AD 196), the last ten Nim, its deaths, two-thirds, typhoid fever ten in seven. Feeling the loss of the past, the wounded and dying, it is to seek the ancient teachings diligently, and to win all sides...... Suddenly suffered from the evil wind, the baby was very sick, and suffered from disaster, and Fang Zhensu. Descend to the Qu Festival, admire the witch wishes, return to heaven from poverty, and be defeated...... Painful husband, the whole world is in a coma, and he can't be enlightened. If you don't take his life, if you kill yourself." It is no accident that Zhang Zhongjing spoke out so loudly and dispelled superstition, so he wrote "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" from a correct point of view.

The spirit of Zhang Zhongjing's writings and the basic principles of dialectical argumentation and governance that he has mastered can be summed up as "Eight Principles of Dialectical Argumentation" and "Six Classics of Dialectical Argumentation".

The eight-outline dialectical argument is the specific principle of implementing dialectical argumentation and governance in the book. The so-called Eight Principles -- Yin, Yang, Surface, Inside, Cold, Heat, Void, and Reality -- are summarized by using the four diagnoses -- looking, smelling, asking, and cutting to analyze and examine the location and nature of the disease. In the process of syndrome differentiation, the patient's constitution and the strength of the causative factors are also linked.

The Six Classics are derived from the theory of the Six Classics in the Yellow Emperor's Neijing. It has been further developed through the use of Zhang Zhongjing. The so-called six meridians are the three yang meridians (the sun meridian, the yang ming meridian, and the shaoyang meridian) and the three yin meridians (the taiyin meridian, the shaoyin meridian, and the yin meridian).

Zhang Zhongjing synthesized and analyzed the various symptoms that appeared in the process of disease development, according to the strength of the patient's physique, the pathophysiological changes caused by the disease, and the changes in the advance and retreat of the disease, and summarized them into six syndrome types with the terms of the three yang meridians and the three yin meridians.

In a sense, Zhang Zhongjing can be said to be a precedent for the systematic treatment of traditional Chinese medicine.

Because in later generations, the "Jin Kui Yaolu", which was considered to be the middle volume of the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases", clearly stated this situation:

The syndrome is mainly miscellaneous diseases in internal medicine, and there are also some diseases in surgery, obstetrics and gynecology. Jin Kui Yaolu is also the earliest existing monograph on the diagnosis and treatment of miscellaneous diseases in China, and it is a representative work of Zhongjing's creation of dialectical theory. Ancient and modern physicians highly respect this book, calling it the ancestor of prescriptions, the scripture of medical prescriptions, and the model of treating miscellaneous diseases. The title of the book, "Jin Kui", means that it is important and precious, and "to be omitted" means that it is concise and concise, indicating that the content of this book is concise and valuable, and should be carefully preserved and applied.

The book has been edited and published by the Academy Press and distributed by ancient and modern physicians as the ancestor of prescriptions, the scripture of medical prescriptions, and the model of treating miscellaneous diseases.

The 25 articles in 3 volumes, the 2nd to 22nd chapters of the book introduce the multidisciplinary disease syndrome and pulse treatment mainly in internal medicine and miscellaneous diseases, and provide readers with some basic principles of dialectical treatment and prescription compatibility, which is one of the foundational works of clinical medicine in China. The book focuses on internal medicine syndromes, such as spasm, dampness, lily disease, fox confusion, yin and yang poison, malaria, stroke, blood paralysis, fatigue, pulmonary carbuncle, cough and upper breath, guinea qi, chest paralysis, heartache, shortness of breath, abdominal fullness, cold hernia, lodging, wind and cold accumulation, phlegm drinking, thirst, poor urination, gonorrhea, water vapor, jaundice, palpitations, vomiting blood, blood, chest fullness, vomiting blood, vomiting, and lower profits. At the same time, it also discusses surgical and traumatology such as carbuncles, intestinal carbuncles, macerated sores, knife and axe wounds, and other diseases. In addition, there is a special discussion on female disease syndrome. The book is divided into disease chapters, discussing the different types of symptoms and different stages of treatment for each disease syndrome, as well as the clinical practice of "different treatment for the same disease" and "same treatment for different diseases", so as to facilitate the analysis and comparison of future generations of doctors, and learn to master the circular machine activity method in treatment. In addition, the book also discusses the disease of the viscera meridians, the care of life, dietary hygiene, dietary taboos and the prevention and treatment of food poisoning.

The "Jin Kui Yaolu" summarized the rich experience of diagnosis and treatment before the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the understanding of the causes of various diseases at that time has been clearly summarized into three categories, and the body weakness and external evils, and the introduction of external evils from the meridians (the so-called "internal causes") are listed in the first place. Attach importance to the combination of the four diagnoses and references, take the viscera meridians as the focus of syndrome differentiation, and combine the theories of health qi and blood, yang and yin and five elements. In terms of treatment, attention is paid to prevention and early treatment, and the so-called "work to cure the disease". It is emphasized that the whole must be taken care of and the function of the viscera must be adjusted in the treatment of diseases.

A total of 262 prescriptions are collected in the "Jin Kui Yaolu", and the characteristics of the prescriptions are the same as those in the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever", and most of the prescriptions contained in them do have high curative effects, such as Dachaihu Soup, Xingxin Soup, Da Jianzhong Soup, Astragalus Jianzhong Soup, Fangji Astragalus Soup, Fangji Poria Soup, Turtle Nail Decoction Pills, Angelica Ginger Mutton Soup, Banxia Magnolia Soup, Magnolia Seven Substances Soup, Yinchen Artemisia Soup, Yinchen Wuling San, Ganmai Jujube, Sour Jujube Ren Soup, Kidney Qi Pills, Maimendong Soup, Lai Lai Jujube Lung Soup, Loess Soup, Citrus Soup, Withered Shallot White Wine Soup, Guizhi Poria Pills, Wenjing Soup, Jiao Ai Soup, Rhubarb Peony Soup, Coix Aconite Sauce Powder, Pulsatilla Soup, Ling Guishu Gan Soup, Ten Jujube Soup, etc., are widely used in clinical practice. Because the formulas contained in it have the characteristics of refined medicinal taste, strict compatibility and clear indications, it has been praised as the "ancestor of all prescriptions" or "Jing Fang" by later generations, and is an important basis for the development of prescriptions in later generations.

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From the above content, it can be seen that although Zhang Zhongjing did not have outstanding influence in the late Han Dynasty, especially in the Three Kingdoms, there is no corresponding record of Zhang Zhongjing.

However, in the history of Chinese medicine, Zhang Zhongjing's achievements are obviously much greater than Hua Tuo, which is recorded in the "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu, and Fang Ji Biography".

Of course, this point is very likely to be directly related to Hua Tuo's lack of systematic circulation of medical books.

Judging from the description in "The Legend of Fang Ji", Hua Tuo and Zhang Zhongjing are likely to be representatives of Chinese medicine and surgery:

Hua Tuo knew the art of nurturing his nature, and people thought that he was 100 years old and had a magnificent appearance. It is also a fine prescription, its cure, but a few kinds of soup, the heart is relieved, no longer weighed, cooked and drunk, the language of its knots, and the healing of the discard. If moxibustion is used, there are only one or two places, and each place is only seven or eight strong, and the disease should also be removed. If it is a needle, it is only one or two places, and the next needle says, "When you quote a certain Xu, if you to, the language person." The patient's words have arrived, and the needle should be withdrawn, and the illness will be poor. If the disease accumulates and cannot be reached by acupuncture and medicine, when the person who needs to be circumcised, he will drink his hemp and boil it, and he will die of drunkenness without knowing it, because it is broken. If the disease is in the intestines, the intestines will be broken and washed, and the abdomen will be sewn and rubbed, and the difference between four or five days will not be painful. People are not self-conscious, and in a month, they will be calm. (To be continued.) )

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