readx;? The Qing Dynasty's receptivity to Chinese culture can be said to be quite strong. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 infoBecause several Qing Dynasty emperors from Huang Taiji to the bottom have a selective supportive attitude towards Chinese culture.

Of course, this selective support attitude is a very interesting concept.

Because in addition to the emergence of the "Kangxi Dictionary", which was a masterpiece that could be regarded as the general outline of Chinese characters at that time, there was also the existence of a "literary prison" that castrated the diversity of Chinese culture.

......

The literary prison is not an original invention of the Qing Dynasty, let alone a "cultural feature" unique to China.

In a sense, literary prisons abound in the history of the world, but in many countries, literary prisons themselves are not only for cultural persecution, but a kind of political persecution with more aspects.

In China, the first thing that can be verified in the literary prison is the burning of books and the "Evil Words Order" during the Qin Empire.

Interestingly, during the Han Empire, the Order of Demonic Advice existed even longer than during the Qin Empire.

This can be said to be a characteristic manifestation of the Han Cheng Qin system.

The record of punishment for the "literary prison" is the killing of Yang Yun during the reign of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty.

Yang Yun is Sima Qian's grandson, and his mother is Sima Qian's daughter.

Yang Yun was a famous scholar at that time, he was light on wealth and righteousness, and distributed tens of millions of property to others. Since he was a child, he has been very famous in the court. When you are an official, you can also be selfless, law-abiding, and not favoritism.

According to the "Hanshu Biography of Yang Yun", after the death of Yang Yun's mother Sima Ying, his father Yang Chang married a stepmother, and the stepmother had no children. Later, his stepmother died, leaving millions of property, and before dying, his stepmother told Yang Yun to inherit it, but after the death of his stepmother, Yang Yun did not take this property as his own, but distributed a large amount of property left by his stepmother to several of her relatives. After the death of his father Yang Chang, Yang Yun also inherited 5 million property from his father, and Yang Yun, who was honest and honest, and whose economic situation was not very good, used all of it to help those clansmen.

Yang Yun, who entered the official career, witnessed the corruption and perversion of the law in the imperial court. Turning a blind eye to this, the officials of all sizes in the court turned a blind eye, and only Yang Yun, like his maternal grandfather, was unstained from the sludge, iron-clad, and upright, daring to risk death in front of the emperor to admonish him and boldly expose him. He also denounced the rebellion of the son of Huo Quai, a veteran of the imperial court who had a deep friendship with his father Yang Chang. Therefore, Yang Yun and several other people who reported the matter with him were rewarded with the title of marquis, and they were also added to the rank of knight. Feng Ping Tonghou. He was born in a famous family, and his whole family served as a minister, and ten people with more than 2,000 stones (by Zhu Lun). When he took office, he was honest and fair, rectified the rule of officials, and put an end to bribery.

(Huo Qu's son who is seen in the history books is probably only Huo Huan, and Huo Yun and Huo Shan are the two who succeeded Huo Qu's disease, but these two were killed for being involved in the Huo family's rebellion shortly after Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne.) It is very likely that a side branch of the Huo family succeeded Huo Quzhi and continued to continue the incense. ）

Because of the disharmony with the servant "Dai Changle", he was reported by Dai Changle: "Taking the lord as a play (joking with the emperor), and the language is close to rebellion", Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty sent Yang Yun to prison, and later released him to avoid being a concubine.

Subsequently, Yang Yun's home management property, with wealth **** stability "The county is too shou Sun Huizong, is Yang Yun's old friend, wrote to Yang Yun, persuading him to think about it behind closed doors, should not be full of guests, drinking and having fun, Yang Yun wrote a reply to Sun Huizong, this is the "Book of Sun Huizong".

In this letter, there is resentment against the emperor, sarcasm against Sun Huizong, and justification for his unruly behavior. The whole letter is written with great blatantness, which is exactly the same as the unruly style of his grandfather Sima Qian's "Book of Reporting to Ren'an". Later, during the solar eclipse, some people wrote a book to blame Yang Yun's extravagance and unrepentance. He was again arrested and imprisoned.

Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty was furious when he saw it, and sentenced him to the crime of great rebellion, so he beheaded Yang Yun. Sun Huizong was also dismissed because of this.

The contents of the Book of the Ancestors of the Newspaper Sun Society are as follows:

The material is rotten and filthy, and the literary quality is bottomless, fortunately, relying on the remnants of the ancestors, they have to prepare guards. Encounter a time change to get a knighthood. In the end, it is not his responsibility, and the death will be in trouble. The foot mourns his foolishness, and he is beyond the reach of the book and the superintendent, and he is very diligent. However, the hatred is not deep, but it is the end, and the reputation of obscenity is also vulgar. If the foolish heart of despicable words is reversed, and the silence is silent, it may violate the righteousness of Confucius's words. Therefore, he dares to show his foolishness slightly, but the gentleman is observant.

When the Yun family was prosperous, there were ten people who took the Zhu wheel, located in the lieqing, the lord was the marquis, the general leader was an official, and heard political affairs. I couldn't make a suggestion at this time, and I couldn't work together with the masses to accompany the court to forget, and I had been responsible for stealing a vegetarian meal for a long time. Huailu was greedy and couldn't retreat by himself, so he was changed, he was spoken, his body was secluded, and his wife was in prison. At this time, it is not enough to destroy oneself, but how can one want to get all the leaders and return to the tombs of their ancestors? The gentleman travels and forgets his worries, and the villain has his whole body, saying that he forgets his sins. Stealing to oneself has been a big deal, the line has been lost, and the long time is a farmer to the end of the world. It is the deceased wife who works hard to cultivate the mulberry and irrigate the garden to manage the production, so as to give it to the public, and he does not intend to reuse it as a ridicule.

If the lady's love can't be stopped, the saint is forbidden. Therefore, the monarch's father is supreme, and he sends it to the end, sometimes both. It has been three years since the minister was offended. The Tian family suffered. When he was old, he cooked lamb and fought wine. The family is Qin, and it can be Qin Sheng. The woman Zhao Nu is also, Yashan drumming. There are several slaves and singers, their ears are hot after drinking, and they look up to the sky and call Wuwu. His poem said: "Tianbi South Mountain, the filth is not cured." Plant a hectare of beans, and fall into a sprout. Life is happy, when must be rich and noble!" is the day, the sleeves are low, and the feet are dancing; Yun is fortunate to have Yu Lu, Fang Lian is cheap and expensive, and he is chasing tithes. This Jia erected thing, the place of insult, Yun personally did it. The indecent people shuddered when they were ruined. Dong Sheng is not cloudy: "Obviously seeking benevolence and righteousness, I am often afraid that I will not be able to turn the people, and the intention of the doctor is also." Obviously seeking wealth and profit, he is often afraid of those who are needy, and the affairs of ordinary people. "Therefore, the way is different, not to conspire with each other, and now the son Shang'an can be blamed for the system of the doctor!

Fuxi River Wei soil, Wenhou Xing, there is a section of dry wood, Tian Zifang of the legacy of the wind, drifting all have a knot, know the difference. The foot is separated from the old soil, near stability, between the stable valleys, the old soil of Kunrong, the children are greedy and despicable, how can the customs move people?

Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty did not want to kill Yang Yun for no reason, but because Yang Yun was deeply dissatisfied with his governance method in the "Book of Reporting Sun Huizong", and the words that were quite talented and did not meet the taste deeply stimulated Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty.

And the fundamental reason why Yang Yun must die is that there is such a sentence that may make Emperor Xuan of Han think that Yang Yun does not want to be the one who sits on the throne:

"Obviously seeking benevolence and righteousness, I am often afraid that I will not be able to turn the people, and the intention of the doctor is also. Obviously seeking wealth and profit, he is often afraid of those who are needy, and the affairs of ordinary people. ”

This sentence doesn't seem like a big deal, but don't forget that the situation of Emperor Xuan of Han before his accession to the throne was quite dramatic, as the first great-grandson of Emperor Wu of Han, Emperor Xuan of Han almost didn't die in the scourge of witchcraft, and even before he succeeded to the throne, he didn't even have a title for a flat-headed common people......

Well, when Emperor Xuan of Han saw this sentence, he might think in his heart: "You want to say that I am a commoner, and I will only do things that only care about my own food and clothing????"

It was because of this that Yang Yun died, becoming the first famous minister in history to die because of the literary prison......

......

In the last years of Cao Wei, Ji Kang was beheaded in Dongshi because of the "Book of Breaking Friendship with Shan Juyuan" written by the powerful minister Sima Zhao "heard and was evil".

In June of the eleventh year of Taiping Zhenjun of the Northern Wei Dynasty (450 AD), the minister Cui Hao presided over the compilation of the national history of the direct book exposing the history of the shame and humiliation of the ancestors of the Tuoba clan, the ruler of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and was ordered by the Taiwu Emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty to be executed.

The prison of national history was in the process of Tuoba Tao's suppression of the Gaiwu uprising, Cui Hao had personally seen the monks hiding weapons, and Cui Hao was teaching and advocating the abolition of Buddhism. Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty thus ordered the closure of Chang'an Shamen, the burning of monasteries, and the destruction of Buddha statues, which is known as the disaster of the Three Martial Arts. Kou Qianzhi killed too many monks, and begged Cui Hao to stop the action of destroying Buddha. At that time, within a realm, there was no resumption of Shamen, and there were many complaints between the government and the opposition.

After taking power, he tried to organize, separate and stipulate the superiority of the clan according to the traditional thinking of the Han family. In September of the third year of the reign of Shen Yu (431 years), Cui Hao "wanted to rectify the products and distinguish the surname", but his cousin Lu Xuan dissuaded him and said: "The husband creates and establishes things, and each has his own time; But Cui Hao did not comply, thus offending many Xianbei nobles.

Cui Hao's brother Cui Tian married his daughter to Wang Huilong, the Wang family is a Taiyuan family, inherited from generation to generation, and is known as "King Xiao" in Jiangdong. When Cui Hao saw Wang Huilong, as soon as he saw his nose, he said: "It is indeed a man of the Wang family, what a noble species!" and praised him for his handsome appearance to the Xianbei princes in the court many times. Situ Changsun Song was very unhappy when he heard this, so he complained to Emperor Taiwu, saying that Wang Huilong had surrendered from the south, and Cui Hao admired the southerners, which was "a contempt for nationalization".

Emperor Taiwu was furious and sent Cui Hao to reprimand, Cui Hao took off his hat and kowtowed, and blamed himself before he was forgiven. When the crown prince Tuoba Huang was in charge of the country, Cui Hao relied on his talent and the favor of the Wei lord, and he was autocratic and power-overbearing. At one time, dozens of people from Hebei, Ding, Xiang, You, and the five states were recommended, and all of them started as county guards. The prince said to Cui Hao: "Those who are recruited first are also the ones who are selected by Yizhou County; they have been in office for a long time and have not answered their diligence, so it is advisable to make up for the county first, and use the new recruiter as the Lang official." and obey orders to govern the people, and it is appropriate to do more things. Cui Hao was stubborn and finally sent the people he recommended to take up the post. At that time, after Gao Yun, the Chinese scholar and the leading writer, knew about it, he said to Guan Tian, a doctor of the East Palace: "Cui Gongqi is inevitable!

But the direct cause of Cui Hao's death was the "National Book" incident.

In December of the fifth year of Taiyan (439), Emperor Taiwu ordered Cui Hao to be the secretary of Situ Supervisor, Gao Yun, the Zhongshu waiter, and Zhang Wei, the loose cavalry waiter, to participate in the work and continue to revise the history of the country. Emperor Taiwu told them that the history of the country must be based on the actual record. In accordance with this requirement, Cui Hao and the others collected the materials of the previous generations of the Wei State and compiled a national history of the Wei State. At that time, the emperor's purpose in compiling the history of the country was originally only for the descendants of the imperial family to see. However, after the completion of the revision of the "Records of the Nation", the works involved in the matter, Shi Minzhan and Xi Biao, suggested that the "Records of the Nation" should be engraved on the stone to show the straight pen, and at the same time the "Five Classics" annotated by Cui Hao should be engraved.

Min Zhan and Xi Biao are clever and eloquent, and they usually win Cui Hao's favor by telling Cui Hao. Their suggestion was adopted by Choi Hao, and the crown prince also expressed his appreciation. Therefore, in the east three miles of the Temple of Heaven, a stele forest of "National Book" and "Five Classics Commentary" was built, with a radius of 130 steps and 3 million labors to complete. Because the "Records of the Kingdom" is written straight, it describes the history of the Tuoba clan in detail, and there is no evasion, including some early histories of the Tuoba clan that no one wants to know. The stone monument was erected next to the thoroughfare, causing discussion among pedestrians. When the Xianbei nobles saw it, they were all angry, and they went to Emperor Taiwu to complain, accusing Cui Hao of intentionally promoting national evil. Emperor Taiwu ordered Cui Hao and his secretary Lang to be arrested and the charges reviewed.

After Cui Hao was arrested, he admitted that he had accepted bribes. In fact, he did not understand what he had sinned. When Emperor Taiwu personally interrogated him, he was confused and couldn't deal with it.

In June of the 11th year of Taiping Zhenjun (July 5, 450 AD), Emperor Taiwu killed Cui Hao. When they were sent to the south of the city for execution, "dozens of guards were urinated on it, shouting and smelling on the road." He has not been slain as mighty." At the same time, the secretary and the following officials were also killed, and the Qinghe Cui clan was far and near, and the in-laws Fan Yang Lu, Taiyuan Guo, and Hedong Liu were all wiped out. Known as the "Prison of National History"

The northern scholars were dealt a heavy blow in the "prison of national history".

Liu Chu and others of the Song Dynasty said: "The Tuoba clan took advantage of the decline of the Later Yan, encroached on the merger and Hebei, and the tyrannical division bleed for more than 30 years, while China was slightly determined. At the beginning, Gongqing Fangzhen was the chief of the old tribe, although he used the old clan of Zhao Wei, he was often wiped out with suspicion."

They pointed out that the contradiction between the Xianbei aristocracy and the Zhao Wei clan was quite insightful, and Cui Hao was a victim of this contradiction, and the "prison of national history" was just an excuse. Soon, Emperor Taiwu toured Yin Mountain north and regretted killing Cui Hao. When Li Xiaobo, the prince of Xuancheng in the northern part of the country, died of illness, Emperor Taiwu said: "Li Xuancheng is a pity!" and he also said: "I lost my words, Cui Situ is a pity, and Li Xuancheng is sad!" But the matter has come to this point and cannot be reversed.

In a sense, the "Prison of National History" can be said to be the first extensive written prison record in history.

As for how many people died in the prison of national history?

I'm afraid there is no more accurate way to say this. However, if the four clans of the family that were considered to be of medium or upper scale at that time were wiped out, even if they destroyed the five clans of their family masters, I am afraid that no less than three or four thousand people died under the butcher's knife. (To be continued.) )

：。 ：