readx;? As the last feudal dynasty to rule China, the Qing Dynasty was a dynasty in which foreign races went south to the Central Plains and eventually settled on the throne. Pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info

In a sense, many scholars in the world where Zhang Jiashi was originally located, as well as some people who have a certain amount of research on the history at that time, believe that the Qing Dynasty was a relatively complete country of sinicization.

But this one case is time-split.

As the founder of the Qing Dynasty, Huang Taiji (Nurhachi founded the Jin State), there is a more widely circulated saying:

A Three Kingdoms Death of the Ming Dynasty.

Of course, the credibility of such a sentence is really not high. Because the description of this sentence is not found in the Qing history manuscript.

And the time and origin of this statement, even in the later generations where Zhang Jiashi lived, there is no unified statement.

The reason for this statement has the following views:

Qing Taizu Aixin Jue Luo Nurhachi was a slave in the family of Li Chengliang, a general of the Ming Dynasty, when he was a child, he followed his master to learn Chinese and Chinese, and loved to read novels written by Han people, especially "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" written by Luo Guanzhong. Although part of his intelligence and strategy has an element of talent, most of it should be learned from this novel of the Ming Dynasty.

However, Huang Taiji, who was familiar with the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", saw through Yuan Chonghuan's plan of "Chaisangkou Wolong Mourning" at a glance, so he sent two envoys to Ningyuan with this lama from Wutai Mountain in November, and sent a letter to Yuan Chonghuan, expressing his intention to negotiate peace. And he said very earnestly: You stop fighting, send a messenger to mourn, and congratulate the new monarch on his accession to the throne. Since you have come with courtesy, I should also be courteous, so I will send something to thank you. As for the matter of peace talks, the last time I came to Ningyuan, I had a document to the Ming Dynasty court, asking you to forward it, but there has been no reply so far. If your sovereign agrees to the letter and is willing to negotiate peace, he should be honest first. ”

Huang Taiji sent people south to negotiate peace with the Ming Dynasty, and at the same time adopted Zhuge Liang's strategy of "Seven Captures of Meng Huo" in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" to pacify the barbarians and consolidate the rear, and actively attacked Korea in his own rear to eliminate his worries. The Manchu cavalry was so strong that Korea was forced to surrender and conclude a peace treaty that was very favorable to the Manchus. The Manchus not only received an annual supply of food, money, and goods from Korea. It also received a promise that Korea would remain neutral during the Ming and Qing wars. Therefore, in the subsequent wars of the Ming and Qing dynasties, Korea not only tried its best to meet the requirements of the Manchus economically. Moreover, it has always maintained the posture of a neutral country, so that the Manchus have no worries.

The Manchu Qing received economic support from Korea, and Huang Taiji tore off the mask of peace and personally led the Eight Banners army to war with the Ming Dynasty again. In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Zhuge Liang went out of Qishan six times, and Huang Taiji attacked Ningyuan three times, and finally won a comprehensive victory in the Battle of Songjin. The military stronghold outside the Shanhai Pass of the Ming Dynasty is now only the lonely city of Ningyuan, the so-called Jinning defense line no longer exists, the Shanhaiguan Pass is in danger at the gateway of the Beijing Division, and the Manchu Qing Dynasty is about to launch a decisive attack on the Ming Dynasty. However, at this time, Huang Taiji died of a sudden illness, which gave the Ming Dynasty a rare respite.

The untimely death of Emperor Taiji was mourned by the Manchu people, but it gave Dolgon the opportunity to show his extraordinary military talents. In 1643, it was the sixteenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty and the eighth year of Chongde of the Qing Dynasty. The six-year-old emperor was unable to rule, so Dorgon ascended to the throne of regent as his uncle, and became the uncrowned king with military and political power. After Dolgon came to power, in the conquest of the Ming Dynasty's army, he used the art of war in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" to perfection and eased. The most successful example is that he adopted the strategy of "the heroes will meet Jiang Ganzhong" in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" to implement a counter-strategy, so that Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty killed Yuan Chonghuan, who was the biggest obstacle in the Manchu Dynasty's journey to seize the Ming Dynasty. Emperor Chongzhen, who has always been suspicious, really fell into the plan and executed Yuan Chonghuan Ling Chi, so that the Ming Dynasty suddenly lost its mainstay, and as a result, the Ming Dynasty's thousands of miles of rivers and mountains were only supported by Yuan Chonghuan's subordinates and Wu Sangui, who guarded in Shanhaiguan.

Who knew that Wu Sangui "rushed to the crown and became angry", opened the gate of Shanhaiguan and led the Qing soldiers into the customs. The Manchu Eight Banners army was like a flood of beasts, quickly engulfing the thousands of miles of the Ming Dynasty. From then on, the Central Plains, which stretched thousands of miles, entered the period of Manchu rule.

Luo Guanzhong, a native of the Ming Dynasty, wrote a "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in order to realize the idea of national unification and promote the virtues of the Han nation, but what he did not expect was that just after more than 200 years behind him, the Manchu Qing Dynasty used his "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" to lay down the Ming Dynasty.

Hawkers, the drawbacks of this statement are very big, and the most obvious drawback is that there is no direct relationship between Wu Sangui and Yuan Chonghuan, and when this situation is involved in the two of them, it is obvious that there is a taste of Zhang Guan Li Dai.

Besides, Wu Sangui became a general with a heavy army, which was already a matter of 1639 AD.

Again...... The Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains many times, and because of many factors, Wu Sangui did not play a corresponding role. The so-called "dry city of the country" is also very far-fetched.

Therefore, in this regard, the so-called "half of the three kingdoms fighting the world" cannot stand scrutiny at all.

......

But this does not mean that the Later Jin or Manchu Qing completely rejected sinicization during this period.

In terms of the factors that ruled the country, some historical books record that Nurhachi once promoted Sinology:

Nurhachi presided over the creation and promulgation of the Manchu script, which made it easier for the people under his rule to communicate with each other, write official documents, record political affairs, and translate Chinese texts. The large number of Han texts translated also enabled Nurhachi himself and his subsequent rulers to draw a great deal of experience from the history of the dynasties of the Central Plains.

During the Huang Taiji period, a large number of official classics related to Chinese culture were published:

Huang Taiji has realized the importance of developing culture and education in governing the country, and said that he cannot think that it is impossible to make a mistake if he does not study. It was stipulated that from the sixth year of Tiancong (1632), the children of the ministers of Van Beylor were ordered to study under the age of fifteen and over the age of eight.

Huang Taiji also attaches great importance to absorbing the advanced culture of the Han people. By the time of Dahai's death in July of the sixth year of Tiancong (1632), the Chinese books that had been translated by him included "The Dictionary of the Criminal Department", "Sushu", "Sanlu", "Wanbao Quanshu", and "Zizhi Tongjian", "Liutao", "Mencius", "Three Kingdoms" and so on. Later, he ordered the son of Dahai to continue to study Hanshu.

In the ninth year of Tiancong (1635), the ministers of the Wenguan of the Later Jin Dynasty translated the history books of the Liao, Jin, Song and Yuan dynasties.

In a sense, the real sinicization of the Qing Dynasty began in the period of happiness after the pro-government:

At the time of Fu Lin's pro-government, the society was very unstable, and the anti-Manchu struggle in the interior was continuous. In the second year of Fulin's pro-government, Kong Youde, the king of Dingnan, committed suicide by losing Guilin, and Nikan, the prince of Jingjing, died in Fu Hengyang.

Therefore, Fulin felt that the top priority to consolidate his rule was to buy off, pacify the Han people, and suppress the rebellion. To this end, he worked hard to promote indoctrination in order to strengthen the rule of thought. He called on his subjects to respect Confucius and read the scriptures and advocate loyalty, filial piety, and righteousness. Send officials to Confucius's hometown to worship Confucius. In September of the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652), he personally led the kings and ministers to Taixue to solemnly release Confucius, and personally knelt twice and bowed six times. Fu Lin also ordered the ministers of the inner court to translate the Pentateuch. He presided over the compilation of "The Essentials of Senior Administration", "Words of Persuasion", "Shunzhi Training", "Fan Xinghengyan", "Records of the Hearts of Ministers and Ministers", etc., and personally wrote the preface.

In the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652), Guan Yu was crowned as the "Emperor of Loyalty and Righteousness Shenwu Guan Sheng", which deified Guan Yu's loyalty. He repeatedly ordered the people of loyalty, filial piety, and martyrdom in all provinces, and paid attention to the implementation of Manchu and Han unity.

In April of the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), it was decided that all officials of the Manchurian ministry would implement the same system as Han officials. He regarded loyalty and dedication as the highest moral code in life, commended the martyrs of the late Ming Dynasty when Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng, praised them for "being loyal and difficult, and the great festival is windy", and ordered the Ministry of Rites to visit in detail to confirm the name of the Death Festival and perform the actual deeds, and give sacrifices. He also erected a monument for the martyred Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Youzhen, praising him for his hard work and posthumously serving as Emperor Zhuang Liechou. Wang Chengen, the eunuch of the Ming Dynasty who followed the martyrdom of the king, was even more praised. By comprehensively advocating loyalty and righteousness, the Qing Dynasty established the image of the Qing Dynasty as the defender of traditional morality, and played a positive role in eliminating the psychological estrangement of the vast number of Han people against the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, in easing national contradictions, and especially in stabilizing the hearts of the Han landlords.

In the spring of the twelfth year of Shunzhi (1655), he specially appointed Feng Quan, a university scholar, to compile "Filial Piety and Righteousness" for the president. He is "the right and wrong of a hundred generations", and the special university scholars Bahana and Liu Zhengzong are the presidents and officials to compile the "Tongjian Quanshu". He vigorously advocated loyalty, filial piety, and righteousness to the point of no return.

During the Kangxi period, the Qing Dynasty gradually entered a period of large-scale sinicization:

Kangxi emphasized the revival of rites, and issued an edict in the eighteenth year of Kangxi (1679): "In the world of prosperity, there is more than one and more than three." The building of the warehouse is full and the etiquette is prosperous, and the flood and drought are not safe. I don't know how much I have saved, and when I apologize, the rate will change. The husband is thrifty and thrifty, and the food is courteous, but the good is the best. From an early age, Kangxi was deeply interested in Confucianism, believing that "there is no limit to the righteousness and the truth of the truth, and he is tireless in it"[28]. In December of the 16th year of Kangxi Reign (1677), he clearly declared that he would unify the rule of governance with the Taoist system, and take Confucianism (especially Cheng Zhu Lixue) as the foundation of governance.

He once held the Erudite Confucianism, created the South Study System, and visited the Confucian Temple in Qufu. Kangxi also organized the editing and publication of books, calendars and maps such as "Kangxi Dictionary", "Collection of Ancient and Modern Books", "Quantang Poems", "Peiwenyunfu", "Pun Zi Class Edition", "Essence of Zishi", "Zhuzi Quanshu", "Unification Chronicles of the Qing Dynasty", "Calendar Examination", "Mathematical Essence", "Kangxi Yongnian Calendar", "Kangxi Emperor's Overview" and other books, calendars and maps.

Among them, the holding of the Erudite Hong Confucian Department can be said to be an important measure to allow Chinese culture to breathe.

Erudite scholars are scholars who are rich and knowledgeable. And the significance of erudition is as follows:

One of the ways of the Qing Dynasty to make science and take scholars. The Qing Dynasty inherited the old system of the Tang and Song dynasties, and in addition to the normal imperial examination, the system of subjects was added. There are erudite Confucianism, economic specialty, filial piety and Founder and other titles. Erudite Hongru, also known as erudite Hongzi, also abbreviated as the lexicology or Hongbo. Hongshi is macro, because of the avoidance of the Qing Gaozong Hongli name, changed to Hong. It was held twice in the eighteenth year of Kangxi (1679) and the first year of Qianlong (1736). In the 34th year of Guangxu (1908), although there was a proposal to reopen, it was terminated due to the death of Dezong.

Those who take the test, regardless of whether they have been in the office, are recommended by officials of the third grade or above in Beijing, governors and governors abroad, and then gather in the capital to conduct the palace examination in a unified manner, and those who are admitted are awarded the officials of the Hanlin Academy.

In the eighteenth year of Kangxi, one hundred and forty-three people were tested (one said one hundred and fifty-four people), and fifty people were taken. In the first year of Qianlong, 193 people were tested and 15 people were taken. In the following year, 26 people were selected for the make-up examination, and four people were selected.

Whether in terms of the prosperity of winning people or the impact on the political situation for a while, Kangxi Lexicology should be the first to be recommended. At that time, in addition to Gu Yanwu, Huang Zongxi and others who refused to accept the recommendation, others such as Zhu Yizun, Wang Wan, Mao Qiling, Shi Runzhang, etc., should be selected and admitted to the Hanlin Academy to compile and revise the "History of the Ming Dynasty". This not only ensured the quality of the compilation of this historical book, but also had a great impact on dispelling the anti-Manchu ideology of the Han scholars and doctors and promoting the further convergence of the Manchu and Han ruling classes. And the Qianlong Lexicon Department aims to drive scholars to decorate the façade of the imperial court, which is nothing more than advocating Chengping. The names of the two subjects are not the same.

And why Kangxi was considered by later scholars to be a person who vigorously promoted sinicization, the most important thing is to revise the "Kangxi Dictionary".

......

"Kangxi Dictionary" is a book published during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the author is Zhang Yushu, Chen Tingjing, etc., it is in the Ming Dynasty "Zihui" and "Zhengzitong" two books on the basis of the two books to be updated. The compilation of the book began in the 49th year of Kangxi, that is, in 1710 AD, and was completed in the 55th year of Kangxi, that is, in 1716 AD, which lasted six years, so the name of the book is "Kangxi Dictionary".

The Kangxi Dictionary was presided over by the chief compilers Zhang Yushu and Chen Tingjing, and the revision officials Ling Shaoxiao, Shi Kui, Zhou Qiwei, and Chen Shiru worked together to complete it. The dictionary adopts the radical classification method, arranges the single words according to the strokes, the dictionary is divided into 12 episodes, identified by 12 earthly branches, each set is divided into three volumes, upper, middle and lower, and arranges the finals list and its corresponding Chinese characters according to the finals, tones and syllables, including a total of 47,000 and 35 Chinese characters, which is one of the main references for the study of Chinese characters.

The Kangxi Dictionary was updated based on the Ming Dynasty's "Vocabulary" and "Zhengzitong". Regarding the mistakes in the two books, "Kangxi Dictionary" also did a lot of "doubting and correcting". The Kangxi Dictionary has three advantages:

1. It is quite rich in words, and for a long period of time it was a dictionary with the largest number of words in China (it was not until 1915 that the "Great Dictionary of China" was published, reaching more than 48,000 words, which surpassed it).

2. It is classified into 214 radicals, and is annotated with reverse syncopod phonetics, sources, and references, etc., and lists the different pronunciations and different meanings of almost every word, which can be reviewed by users.

3. In addition to the obscure meanings, it gives examples in almost every word and every meaning, and almost all of these examples quote from the ancient books of "the first view".

The dictionary has two drawbacks:

1. The whole book is anti-cut and exegetically listed, and the author rarely puts forward his own opinions, which is not conducive to beginners' use;

Second, there are many omissions and errors, Wang Yinzhi's "Kangxi Dictionary Research" 12 volumes, correcting 2588 errors, this is only part of the errors.

According to historical records, during the Daoguang period more than 100 years after the Kangxi Dictionary was written, Wang Yinzhi, a scholar of the Qianjia School, and others were instructed to investigate and revise the "Kangxi Dictionary" for errors and compile the "Dictionary Research", correcting a total of 2,588 errors in quotations, prefixes, definitions, examples and meanings.

Even though the shortcomings of the Kangxi Dictionary are actually more obvious than the advantages, as one of the general outlines of Chinese characters, Kangxi's revision of the Kangxi Dictionary is the embodiment of the inheritance and consolidation of Chinese characters, one of the foundations of Chinese culture. (To be continued.) )

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