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In traditional Chinese medicine, there seems to be a foundation that has always been circulated, that is, a physician with superb medical skills will inevitably have a deeper understanding of a large number of herbal medicines. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 ｉｎｆｏ

Of course, this understanding is not necessarily their own experience, but the knowledge they have acquired from the texts left by their predecessors or the words and deeds of their masters.

In Chinese medical texts, there is a large part of the description of the medicinal properties of herbal medicines. This can be proved from the medical texts of the "Materia Medica" category.

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The medical classics in the category of "Materia Medica" can be said to be an important foundation for the structure of Chinese medicine.

The earliest classic of the "Materia Medica" category was the "Shennong's Materia Medica", which was an important description of Chinese herbal medicine.

"Shennong's Materia Medica", also known as "Materia Medica" or "Benjing", one of the four classic works of traditional Chinese medicine, as the earliest existing works of traditional Chinese medicine originated from Shennong's, passed down by word of mouth from generation to generation, assembled and sorted out into a book in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the book is not a time, the author is not a person, many medical scientists in the Qin and Han dynasties collected, summarized, and sorted out the monograph of the experience and achievements of pharmacology at that time, which is the first systematic summary of Chinese medicine. Most of the TCM theories and compatibility rules stipulated in it, as well as the principle of "harmony of seven feelings" proposed in it, have played a huge role in thousands of years of drug practice and are the source of the development of TCM pharmacological theory.

The book was first recorded in the Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi, which contains "Shennong's Materia Medica, four volumes, Lei Gongji's Notes"; the Old Tang Dynasty Book and the Tang Dynasty Art and Literature Chronicles" both recorded: "Shennong's Materia Medica, three volumes"; and the Song Dynasty's Tongzhi Yiwen Luo: recorded "Shennong's Materia Medica, eight volumes, Tao Seclusion Collection Note". The Ming Dynasty's "National History: Classics" recorded: "Shennong's Materia Medica, three volumes"; "Qing Historical Manuscripts: Art and Literature" recorded: "Shennong's Materia Medica, three volumes". There are a variety of biographies and annotations in the past dynasties, the earliest surviving edition is the Ming Lu recollection of the Shennong Materia Medica (1616), the more widely circulated is the Qing Sun Xingyan and Sun Fengyi's Shennong's Materia Medica (1799), as well as the Qing Gu sightseeing series Shennong's Materia Medica (1844), and the Japanese Senlizhi series Shennong's Materia Medica (1854).

There are 365 kinds of Chinese medicinal flavors, including 252 kinds of botanical medicines, 67 kinds of animal medicines, and 46 kinds of mineral medicines.

According to the performance and purpose of the drug, it is divided into upper, middle and lower products. It is called the "three-product classification method" to respond to the three talents of "heaven, earth and man". One hundred and twenty kinds of top grades, non-toxic. Most of them belong to nourishing and strong products, such as ginseng, licorice, rehmannia, jujube, etc., which can be taken for a long time. There are 120 kinds of medium grades, non-toxic or poisonous, some of which can make up for weakness and help the weak, such as lily, angelica, longan, deer antler, etc.; some can dispel evil and resist disease, such as Coptis chinensis, ephedra, Angelica dahurica, skullcap and so on. There are one hundred and twenty-five kinds of lower grades, and there are many poisonous ones, which can dispel evil and break the accumulation, such as rhubarb, aconite, Gansui, croton, etc., which can not be taken for a long time. This is the earliest classification of pharmacology in China, which has been used throughout the ages. The drugs have been proven to be correct for most of their efficacy through long-term clinical practice and modern scientific research.

"Shennong's Materia Medica" not only carried out the collection of drugs, but also consciously classified the collected drugs, and divided 365 kinds of drugs into three categories according to the upper, middle and lower, which is called the "three-product classification method". The classification is mainly based on the performance efficacy of the drug.

In the "Preface to the Sutra", it is said: "One hundred and twenty kinds of medicine are the king, and the lord nourishes his life to respond to the sky, which is non-toxic, and does not hurt people if he takes it for a long time," such as ginseng, licorice, rehmannia and jujube, etc.; It is necessary to judge the medicinal properties to use, such as lily, angelica, longan, coptis, ephedra, angelica, skullcap, etc.; ", such as rhubarb, aconite, gansui, croton, etc.

"Shennong's Materia Medica" also contains rich and profound drug theories, thus laying the theoretical framework of pharmacology. This part is mainly found in the preface, which is equivalent to the general introduction of the whole book, and although the text is not long, only thirteen articles, it already covers all aspects of pharmacology.

Taking drug compatibility as an example, the "Shennong's Materia Medica" puts forward the principle of the composition of the monarch and the minister. The so-called monarch and minister assistant envoys are members of different classes in society, with different functions and ranks, and pharmacology borrows them to explain the different roles of drugs in compatibility, such as the upper grade medicine is the monarch medicine, the middle grade medicine is the subordinate medicine, and the lower grade medicine is the adjuvant medicine. When composing the formula, the characteristics of the drug should be fully considered, and there should be both the Jun Medicine, the Minister's Medicine, and the Adjuvant Medicine that plays an auxiliary role. The proportion can be handled according to the principle of one monarch, two ministers, three ministers, five envoys or one monarch, three ministers, and nine envoys.

In drug compatibility, two or more drugs are used in one prescription, and different reactions will occur with each other: some drugs can exert greater efficacy when used together, and some drugs will reduce the drug properties of the other when they meet, some drugs can restrict the toxicity of another drug, and some drugs are not toxic themselves, but if two drugs meet, they will produce great toxicity and cannot be used together.

"Shennong's Materia Medica" summarizes seven kinds of relationships, including single-line, mutual beard, mutual envoy, mutual fear, mutual evil, opposite, mutual killing, etc., and believes that the "seven feelings" should be "harmonious and regarded", which is the compatibility principle of "seven emotions and harmony".

The efficacy of the various drugs and the main diseases of the various drugs included in the Shennong Materia Medica are briefly recorded and described, which is undoubtedly a summary of the valuable experience of early clinical pharmacy. Long-term clinical practice and modern research have proved that most of the understanding of the efficacy of the drugs contained in the Shennong Materia Medica is correct, and many of them are still widely used in clinical practice, such as ginseng tonics, coptis dysentery, ephedra asthma, Changshan malaria, rhubarb diarrhea, etc. Moreover, there are a wide range of diseases treated by various drugs, about 170 kinds, including internal, external, gynecological, pediatric, and ENT diseases. In addition, the "Shennong's Materia Medica" involves the sexual taste, origin, harvesting, processing methods, and even the principles of medication and the method of taking medicine, which greatly enriches the knowledge system of pharmacology.

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After the "Shennong Materia Medica", many dynasties attached great importance to the compilation of "Materia Medica" books.

In the early Tang Dynasty, the "New Revision of Materia Medica" appeared, and during the Song Dynasty, books such as "Materia Medica" were relatively mature.

Among the more famous ones are the following:

The Book of Materia Medica, an ancient work of Chinese medicine. Abbreviated as "Pharyngeal Classic", also known as "Tujing Materia Medica". Compiled by Song Su Song (year) and others. , in 20 volumes. Table of Contents 1 volume.

Completed in 1061, this book collects herbal medicines from counties across the country and organizes them with reference to various theories.

Su Song served as the manager of Jixian College, and his contemporaries pharmacists Zhang Yuxi, Lin Yi and others edited and supplemented the book "Jiayou Supplement Materia Medica", corrected and published "Urgent Preparation of Qianjin Fang" and "Shennong's Materia Medica", and on this basis, he independently compiled 21 volumes of "Materia Medica".

Song Renzong ordered Su Song and others to compile it in the third year of Jiayou (1058 AD). A "Tujing Materia Medica". Twenty volumes, one volume of table of contents. It was written in 1061. This book collects the herbal medicine maps of counties and counties across the country, and organizes them with reference to various theories.

The "Compendium of Materia Medica" commented that this book "has been researched in detail and has played a great role." However, the picture is different from the statement, and the two are not corresponding, or there is a picture but not a picture, or there is a loss of picture, or it is said that the picture is not ,......".

The original book has been lost, and the text and pictures can be found in the "Evidence Class Materia Medica".

"The Historical Evidence of the Preparation of Emergency Materia Medica" (1082 AD, 5 years of Song Yuanfeng) is referred to as "Evidence of the Materia Medica". Ancient Chinese Pharmacological Works. 31 volumes. Edited by Tang Shenwei.

In view of the advent of "Jiayou Materia Medica" and "Materia Medica", "the physician of the world, the Fang family, Tian's father and concubine, still sometimes have unilateral different products, and the effect is wonderful, but the previous book does not contain it, and the world is unknown." Therefore, in addition to systematically collecting the famous medical works of the Tang and Song dynasties following the "Shennong Materia Medica", he also collected the information about drugs in the books "Biography of the Classics and History" and "Buddhist Books and Taoist Collections", which were compiled into 30 volumes, containing 1,558 kinds of medicines, more than 3,000 prescriptions, with drawings and processing methods. Therefore, this book can be said to be the culmination of the pre-Song Dynasty materia medica. For more than 500 years before the advent of the Compendium of Materia Medica in the Ming Dynasty, it has been an important document for the study of Materia Medica. It draws on a wide range of sources, so that there are many ancient books that have been lost or scattered in later generations, and a glimpse of the outline can be glimpsed from its quotations. Therefore, Li Shizhen's evaluation of it is: "Those who make all the herbs and medicines alone hang down through the ages and do not fall into decay are all their contributions." "It not only has high academic and practical value, but also has great documentary value.

This book was revised several times in the Song Dynasty, and after being rebuilt by the medical officer Wen Sheng and others in the second year of Daguan (1108 AD), it was published as an official version, and then renamed "Daguan Materia Medica". In the sixth year of Zhenghe (1116 AD), it was revised by the medical officer Cao Xiaozhong, and was renamed "Zhenghe New Revision Class Standby Materia Medica" again. In the twenty-ninth year of Shaoxing (1159 A.D.), it was also calibrated, named "Shaoxing Proofreading Historical Evidence Class Emergency Materia Medica". Later, in the ninth year of Chunyou (1249 AD), Pingyang Zhang Cunhui took Kou Zongshuang's "Materia Medica" with the text and prose book, as an update, because it was renamed "Rebuilding the Political and Historical Evidence Class Spare Materia Medica".

"Evidence Class Materia Medica" is based on Zhang Yuxi's "Jiayou Materia Medica" and Su Song's "Materia Medica", collecting folk prescriptions, various medical masterpieces, and relevant materia medica records in the scriptures, historical biographies, Buddhist books and Taoist collections, and collated and compiled. The book consists of 31 volumes. Volumes 1 and 2 are prefaces, and in the following volumes, drugs are divided into jade, grass, wood, humans, animals, birds, insects and fish, fruits, rice grains, and vegetables (the above are divided into upper, middle, and lower grades), and there are 13 categories, describing drug aliases, medicinal properties, indications, origins, collection, fire, analysis, and prescriptions. This book is rich in content, containing 1746 kinds of drugs, including 660 kinds of drugs, and 294 drug diagrams. The book cites a large number of documents, according to statistics, a total of more than 240 historical books, some important works of Materia Medica, such as "Kaibao Materia Medica", "Rihuazi Materia Medica", "Jiayou Materia Medica" and so on have long been scattered, its content is fortunate to be preserved by "Evidence Class Materia Medica", which is a great achievement of Tang Shenwei. More than 1,000 prescriptions have been added to this book, and more than 3,000 ancient and modern unilateral prescriptions have been attached to each medicine. In short, the Materia Medica systematically summarizes the achievements of Materia Medica before the Song Dynasty, and has been popular for more than 500 years before the advent of the Compendium of Materia Medica, and has always been a model for the study of Materia Medica, and has an important position in the history of Materia Medica.

"Materia Medica for Emergency Preparedness with Historical Evidence" is a collection of materia medica before the Northern Song Dynasty, representing the highest achievement of pharmacology in the Song Dynasty. Although the book is a personal work of folk doctors, because of its high level of academic value and application value, it has attracted the attention of all aspects of the government and the opposition since the beginning of circulation, and the Song government later revised it as "Daguan Materia Medica", "Zhenghe Materia Medica", "Shaoxing Materia Medica" and so on as the national pharmacopoeia promulgated throughout the country according to the school journal.

In the successive editions of the "Historical Evidence of Preparing for Emergency Materia Medica", there are those who change the title of the book "Bei Emergency" to "Standby", but there is no difference in its content. The content of the drugs in Kou Zongzao's "Materia Medica" was compiled one by one, and renamed "Re-cultivation of Political and Historical Evidence Alternate Materia Medica". Since then, various editions of "Zhenghe Materia Medica" have been reproductions of this book. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, a joint edition of "Daguan Materia Medica" and "Materia Medica" began to appear, called "Republication of Historical Evidence Daquan Materia Medica".

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In the history of Chinese medicine, there is also a relatively alternative "Materia Medica" medical classics, which are called "Sea Herbs and Materia Medica".

"Sea Medicine and Materia Medica" is an ancient treatise on Chinese medicine, which is dedicated to describing the medicinal works introduced to China from overseas. See "Tongzhi Art and Literature Strategy". Five volumes (one says two volumes). Written by Tang Li Xun. This book is a miscellaneous account of the origin and functional indications of drugs in Nanhai County, and the original book has been lost.

The original book was six volumes, and it died at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the drugs described were scattered in books such as "Evidence of Materia Medica" and "Compendium of Materia Medica". There are 124 kinds of drugs (131 kinds of one and 128 kinds of drugs), of which 16 kinds of drugs are the first to be loaded, such as Chequ, gold thread alum, Persian alum, bottle incense, hairpin stock, etc. The book divides drugs into six categories, including jade, grass, wood, animal, fish and insects, and fruits, and discusses in detail the drug form, origin, quality, authenticity identification, harvesting, processing, sexual taste, indications, prescriptions, usage, and contraindications.

Later generations believed that the main achievements of the "Sea Medicine Materia Medica" are as follows:

1. Collect sea medicine widely and check its origins. The book indicates that there are 96 kinds of drugs produced in foreign countries, such as the golden thread alum "born in Persia" and ginseng "out of the tribute of the Silla country".

2. Extensive quotation and detailed content. Although there are only more than 100 kinds of medicines in the text, there are more than 40 books cited, such as the Book of Han, the Book of Mountains and Seas of Tang Zhi, etc. The description of the drug is quite detailed, such as the pungent taste of long pepper, and the main cold heartache, watery diarrhea, dysentery, vinegar heart, and postpartum diarrhea.

3. Record Lingnan medicine. The book adds 9 kinds of Lingnan medicines that have not been included in the predecessors, such as sea red beans and sea silkworm sand, etc., and details the taste and functional taboos of Lingnan medicines, such as Chongdong root "taste pungent and warm" and psoralen "evil licorice".

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The most influential books of the "Materia Medica" category are not the above famous "Materia Medica" classics, but the "Compendium of Materia Medica" compiled by Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty. (To be continued.) )

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