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In the ancient Chinese medical system, forensic medicine is quite an alternative. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 infoPlease search for the most complete! The fastest updated novel

However, from the perspective of Zhang Jiashi's original world, forensic medicine can also be regarded as a category of doctors. It's just that it doesn't focus on the treatment method, and it can be regarded as a category that is familiar with the structure of the human body and some living things.

However, the content recorded in Song Ci's "Collection of Records of Clearing Grievances" has a relatively detailed understanding of medicine, especially the situation of poison, which can be said to have a certain description.

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Preface to the Collection of Grievances:

Prison affairs are more important than the big opening, the great opening is not more important than the first love, and the first love is not more important than the test. Cover the power of life and death, and the opportunity to bend and stretch, so it is decided. In the law, so the difference is now the one who is in charge of the law, and he is also cautious. In the state and county, the first official of the commission, the right election, more experienced, suddenly tried, heavy on the deception of the hypocrisy, the treacherous of the officials, illusory changes, and the confusion. Even if there is a sensitive person, he has two eyes and two eyes, and he has no use of his wisdom, and he looks at it from a distance and kisses it, and covers his nose and disdains! Ci Si chatters and sends it, he has no inch long, he is alone in prison cases, and he is tried again and again, and he does not dare to be slow and easy at all. If you know that it is a deception, you will refute it urgently, or if you have doubts and beliefs, you will think about it again and again, lest you act rashly and the dead will be waterlogged. Every mistake in the prison situation is mostly due to the difference in the beginning, and the mistakes in the determination are all due to the shallowness of the experience. Then the collection of the books handed down in the modern world, since the "Inner Forgiveness Record" below, where the number of families, will be and the Zhizhi, clear and correct, increase their own opinions, the total is a compilation, the name is "Wash the Grievance Collection Record", published in Hunan Xianzhi, show me Tongyin, so that the reference to the mutual examination, such as the physician to discuss the ancient law, the context of the surface has been clear, once according to this to apply the needle, the hair is all in the middle. Then it has the same function as resurrecting the dead. Ten days before the Jiaping Festival at the end of Chunyou Ding, Dr. Chaosan, the new secretary pavilion, and the senator of the Hunan Ambassador's Office, Song Cihui, were prefaced.

The Magi may have seen and heard and personally experienced, and those who are outside of this collection are expected to be given a piece of paper to be widely prepared.

Mercy.

From the preface to the collection of grievances, in the forensic examination work at that time. There are already relatively clear instructional books, one of which is called "Inner Forgiveness". And this book may have been lost, but it can be mentioned by Song Ci in this case, which is obviously a very important book.

Judging from the content of the following "Collection of Records of Clearing Grievances", some of the content of "Collection of Records of Clearing Grievances" should be added by later generations or added by official texts.

This can be seen from the content of the first volume of the "Collection of Grievances":

1. Regulations:

The corpses should be fulfilled but not examined; Or they do not send it after two hours, they do not count it in the night, and the next article allows it, or they do not visit it in person, or they do not determine the cause of death, or they do not determine the cause of death, or it is improper, and it is said that the death is due to illness. Because the head injury is a hypochondriac injury. Each is in violation. That is, those who have already entered and exited the crime by virtue of the examination certificate are not in the case of voluntary surrender. The situation is difficult to determine and is inappropriate. A hundred rods. Officials and pedestrians are guilty of first-class crimes.

Those who have been sent to be examined and rehabilitated, and those who have not been called dead and untested after a long period of time, will sit on the sin of being fulfilled and unfulfilled. Chunyou is detailed.

For all post-mortem examinations, those who fail to ask for an official after two hours of reporting for duty, those who ask for an official to violate the law or accept the law without saying a word, or those who do not accept it when they are due, or those who meet with officials and pedestrians for the first time and who leak the results examined, shall be given 100 rods each. If the certificate is verified, the person who does not declare the belonging within the same day is allowed to do so.

If the county undertakes a lawsuit from another department and asks the official to conduct an autopsy, if there is an official who can be called Que; if the official does not have a cause to apply for the matter, or if he is dismissed on the pretext of being false, he will be judged to have violated the system.

The pedestrians were enriched by the autopsy. According to the law of the public people.

Those who should be sent to the officials such as the inspectors and the others are not the ones who are suspected of being hindered by their relatives.

In the place where the officials are appointed, those who have a reward for the completion of their terms shall not be sent out, and those who shall be deputy examiners shall listen to the errands.

The autopsy, the state secretary joined the army, and the hospital prisoner was not an officer. Or there is a hospital of managers, and this is allowed. The county lieutenant, the county lieutenant is the second errand book, the county, and the county is not allowed to go out of the county boundary. If there is a shortage of supervisors, the county order will go. If you pass ten miles or check the county prisoner, you will be close to the county. Its Guoxia counties are all Shenzhou. Those who should be re-examined, and on the day of the initial examination, they should apply for the official first. Those who should be the nearest county and there is no county within 100 miles should listen to the nearest inspection or all inspections. The internal re-examination shall stop the county official and the only member shall be allowed to do so. It is said that the patrol is not seen.

The officials of the prisons went out of the city to conduct an autopsy, and the county sent their hands and the soldiers were upright.

Before the dead died, there were no relatives in the place of death. If the prisoner is sentenced to 10 days and sent to the department, the same shall be the same. and sent an autopsy. Manpower and female envoys who take oral words through the scriptures are sent to the public. Prisoners and those who died unjustifiably will still be re-examined. If you check the repetition, it is the collection of the scab. Someone is still sent to keep an eye on them, and those whose relatives are sick are to be paid. If you know that you have relatives in other places, you will still report it.

Those whose corpses should be re-examined shall be in Shenzhou, and in the county, in the nearest county where the corpse was held at the time of the receptacle. There must be no cause of death in the petition. Those who are more than 100 miles away from the county shall be stopped from the county officials. The only member is the county of Muta.

Those who ask for an autopsy are not allowed to cross the Yellow River, rivers and lakes, because the rivers are said to have no bridges, and the lakes are said to be unstoppable. and Duren County. Guoxia County listened to it, and it was sent to Shenzhou.

The autopsy should be done near the county and far away from the county. After the inspection, Shen belongs.

The corpses should be examined in the neighboring counties, and the officials who are in other counties, if they are hundreds of miles away, or on sick leave, may not be in their own duties. If there is no official person, the cause of the incident on the day of the county is when the person on leave has the day. Bao Ming, Shen Benzhou and the Criminal Prison Division, and reported the lawsuit, still to the county.

At the beginning of the year, the autopsy was re-examined, and the prison department was printed according to the style. Each pair of three pieces of paper at the beginning and three times is chiseled with the number of "Thousand Character Text" and given to Xiazhou County. In case of inspection, three pieces of paper should be filled in from the state and county, and the official will be paid. Wait for the inspection and fill it in from the truth. One Shenzhou County, one pay the victim's home, if there is none, it will be returned to the Division. A daily number into the urgent delivery, straight to the division of the inspection. In case of the third post-inspection, this is allowed.

Those who die due to illness are not imprisoned or sent to the ministry. Those who should conduct an autopsy, and those who live together and are more than relatives, or who live in different places and are willing to be spared from death, listen. If the monk has a dharma, the child has the teacher in the place of death before he died, and the head of the temple has no other deceased, it is also exempt. Although the monks cannot be attached, there is a head or a disciple to protect the mind, and this is allowed.

If the officials die of illness, they are said to be those who are not forbidden and sent by the ministry. If there is a temple head in the place where you live, or if you have a shopkeeper and a neighbor who are divided into officials, and there is no other person who has died, the lawsuit will be examined and the inspection will be heard.

Although the county orders, edicts, and books should be sent out, one of them must be left in the county. Out of time, the state and county have poor official power.

Those who claim to violate the rules will not be judged as wrong.

The "Criminal Unified System" says: "Those who violate the implementation of the system shall be imprisoned for two years, and those who fail to make a mistake if they do not violate the system." A hundred rods".

The eunuchs were to receive twenty horses for the money, and twenty-five horses for those who had no money, and they were hanged. If the sin is unsinful and does not pervert the law, fifty horses shall be deserved in this city.

Those who take poison for themselves, or who take it with others and falsely accuse others of sin, and do not die shall be worthy of a thousand miles. If the person is dead. And those who know about the false accusation will be allowed to be arrested. Fifty pounds.

Those who have died of illness and falsely accuse others of other reasons, according to the law of false accusations, such as beating to death, and so on, to the lawsuit letter based on those who have been tested. It is not judged by shade, and it is still not an example of leading to false reductions. That is, those who are more than a marshal and falsely accuse each other, and the maidens are sick and die, and their relatives falsely accuse the lord's family for other reasons. That's right. The elder falsely accuses the inferior, and the shadow is redeemed and reduced in accordance with this law.

All those who have deceitful diseases, dead and wounded, and who have been tested falsely, shall be reduced by one grade according to what they have been deceived. If the death and injury of the disease are not regarded as the experimenter, it will be regarded as "the crime of entering the human being". The "Unified Discussion on Criminal Punishment" says: "Those who deceive the sick in the above article will be given 100 rods, and if they are found to be untruthful, they will be deceitful and deceitful, and the rods of the first class will be reduced by 90 rods." ”

Although the corpses have experienced, they refer to his corpse in vain, and the lawsuit is based on the recommendation and bow, according to the law of false accusation. That is, those whose relatives have falsely confessed until their death. Eighty rods. Those who are falsely accused of causing death by prohibition are to be given a third degree. If the lawsuit is false, it will be in accordance with the "law of guilt".

"Criminal Rule": "Those who beat others with 'other things' will have 60 rods." Seeing blood is a wound. Those who are not siblings are all other things, that is, soldiers do not use blades, and they are. ”

"Affirming the Criminal System": "Kicking people with boots and shoes. It is determined from the lawsuit: hard means from other things, if it is not hard, it is difficult to do other things. ”

Those who protect the innocent shall be limited to 10 days with their hands and feet, 20 days for those who are beaten by other objects, 30 days for those who break their limbs and broken bones with blades and soups, and 30 days for those who break limbs and broken bones. The deceased within the limit. Each according to the theory of killing. Those who bite people are according to the law of other things. Those who have an abortion within the limit shall not be guaranteed 30 days after the abortion, and the limit of assault shall not exceed 50 days. Those who die outside the limits and those who die by other death within the limits shall be subject to this law of assault. Therefore, he said not to increase the rest of the trouble and die. Fake beating of a person's head injury, wind from the head sore, death due to the wind, etc., are still based on homicide. If he does not die of a head sore, it is for his sake, and each of them is beaten according to the law.

In the sixth year of the main road, Shangshu Province said: "The officials of the state and county inspection, and the civil officials, if there is a place for the officials, the official of the re-inspection is selected on the right."

The firm looked at it in detail: "The official of the inspection is sent by the law." For example, in remote □ small counties, the Que Wenchen Office of the Committee, and the review officials have poor power and literacy military ministers. This voice says it will be used. ”

February 18, 16th year of Jiading

Edict: "The ministers played: 'Examine the cause of the fatal cause of the uncertain key, and the law is strict. If the test is untrue, it is a conscious move, so it is avoided. The Ministry of Punishment will look at the details and issue instructions to comply with them. The chief of the criminal temple discussed in detail: "If the test is improper, the examination is not true, and the examination is not true, then it is the examination of the jujue, so it is exempted." Let's take a look at the details: If the inspection of the official is false or improper, it is not allowed to use the jue to exonerate the forgiveness. The remainder of the law is still in force. By Holy Order'. ”

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From the above content, it can be seen that this kind of guiding description is not something that Song Ci can do in the official position he has held. Because Song Ci has not yet been a senior official of the three divisions of the Southern Song Dynasty, it is really difficult to make his works cover the entire territory of the Southern Song Dynasty.

There is a big mistake in the text, that is, the sixteenth year of Jiading is 1223 A.D., and Song Ci does not have a record of officially holding an official position before this, and it is very likely that this sixteenth year of Jiading refers to the time when the edict was put on the table, and there is no clear statement as to who the minister of the edict is on the table.

And the "Collection of Grievances" has some descriptions of the causes of death of corpses:

25. The corpse is in a different place:

Where the autopsy is different, the family members must first identify the corpse, and they must be meticulous. Look at the corpse's head at four to the end, and measure the distance of the head from the corpse, or left or right, or to the shoulder and foot of a certain size. Dismemberment of arms, feet and legs, each measuring separately, still writing the distance of the corpse. But the limbs and corpses are mixed up with the dismemberment, and the head is raised and the items are together, and the circumference is measured. Generally, the blade is cut off. If the skin and flesh under the neck are convex and the shoulders are shrugged, it is cut off before death; the skin and flesh are not convex and the shoulders are not shrugged, and they are cut off after death.

XXVI. Death by fire:

Those who were burned to death by fire had soot in their mouths and noses, and their hands and feet shrunk into fists. Before he died, he was forced to fight by the fire, and his mouth opened his breath and veins, so he breathed soot into his nose. If a person burns after death, his hands and feet are shrunk, there is no soot in his mouth. If you don't burn your elbows and knees, you won't shrink your hands or feet.

If he is burned to death due to old age or illness, his flesh is charred black or curled, his hands are bent in his fists, his arms are bent in front of his chest, his knees are bent, his mouth and eyes are open, or his teeth and lips are bitten, or his flesh is yellow with fat and yellow protrusion.

If someone is strangled and thrown into the fire, his hair will be charred yellow, and his head and face will be burned black. The skin and flesh are wrinkled, and there is no place to pick the pulp and python skin, and there are traces of strangulation under the neck.

And if he is slain by a blade and burns him with fire, he shall pick up the bones, fan away the dust from the ground, and pour rice vinegar and wine on the clean ground under the corpse. If you kill it, you will have blood on the ground. Bright red. It is necessary to ask where the corpse was sleeping before death, but it is afraid that after being killed, the corpse will be moved to another place, that is, it will be difficult to examine the blood color of the corpse.

Great Mortal House. or tiles or thatched covers, and if they are burned by fire, their dead bodies are under the thatched or tiled ones. Or because of enmity with others, they take advantage of the situation to push in the burned people, and their dead bodies are under the grass and tiles. Check both the head and feet, and also have a direction.

If the corpse is cremated, but it is only ashes, and there are no segments of bones, the pedestrian neighbor testifies: the corpse on the edge. or burned by fire, or burned by people, that is, there are no bones, and there is no evidence for examination. Fang and Beishen.

Anyone who has been burned to death by fire should first ask the Yuanshen people: Where did the fire start? Where was the person when the fire started? Because it was even there? Did he or she was saved when he was burned? Or the hair is scorched, and the head and face are all scorched, and Yi Shen said: There is no basis to check whether there is any damage to him along the body, and the shape of the face cannot be determined. Only the ashes in the nose of the person were detected, and he was burned to death. If the fire burns deeply, there is no evidence, that is, not to mention the ashes in the mouth and nose.

Twenty-seven, soup splashed to death:

Whoever is wounded by the hot soup will have their skin and flesh torn apart, and their skin will turn white. The flesh is also white, and the meat is rotten and red.

For example, in the soup fire, most of them lie down, and they are injured in the hands, feet, head and face, and chest. If it is beaten or headbutted, stepped on, or pushed in the soup fire, it is mostly on the two backs, buttocks, and legs, or there are injuries, and the blisters are not very good. Different from other perms.

28. Poisoning:

Those who died of poisoning had their mouths and eyes open, their faces purple or blue, their lips purple and black, their hands and feet and nails all blue, and blood coming out of their mouths, eyes, ears, and noses.

Even the whole body is black and swollen, the face is blue and black, the lips are curly and blistered, the tongue is shrunk or cracked, rotten, and slightly out, the lips are also rotten or cracked, the tips of the nails are black, the throat and abdomen are distended and black, blisters, the body or the green class, the eyes protrude, the mouth, nose, and eyes are purple and black blood, and the hair is floating and unbearable. Before death, it is necessary to vomit evil substances or pour out black blood, and the valley tract is swollen or the large intestine is perforated.

There are those who take poison on an empty stomach but their abdomen is swollen but their lips and nails are not green; there are also those who take poison after eating enough, but their lips and nails are blue but their abdomen is not green; there are also people who have weak abdomen and old and sick people who die after taking poison slightly, and those whose abdomen, lips and nails are not green must be consulted by others.

Before his death, he was poisoned and his whole body was blue and black, and his skin and flesh were still black for many days. If it lasts for a long time, the skin and flesh will rot and the bones will be black.

After death, the poison is pretended to be poisoned in the mouth, and the flesh and bones are only yellowish-white.

Anyone who dies of poisoning may have an attack from time to time, or in the morning and evening of the same day, and if the medicine is slow, it will occur on one or two days. If you vomit or vomit incessantly, you still have to find the remaining medicine on your clothes, and find the medicine utensils in the places where the dead body sits.

Medium insect venom, all over the body, head and face, chest and heart and dark blue-black, belly distention, or vomiting blood in the mouth, or diarrhea in the fecal door.

Rat mangweed poison, Jiangnan has it. It is also a medium insect, with a cleft lip and blue and black gums. This poison lasted for a night and a day, and only then did I see blood coming out of the nine orifices.

Those who eat fruit and gold and stone medicine poison may have one or two red swells on the top and bottom of their corpses, and there are scars similar to those of boxers; or they may be large patches of blue-black, black claws and nails, and there is slight blood on their bodies; or abdominal distention, or blood. Alcohol poisoning, bloating or vomiting, diarrhea of blood.

Arsenic and wild arrowroot poison, when they have a volt, they have blisters all over their body, they are blue-black, their eyes are shrugged, small blisters bloom on their tongues, their lips are cracked, their ears are swollen, their abdomen is distended, their dungs are swollen, and their nails are blue and black.

The golden silkworm is poisonous, the dead body is thin, the body is yellowish and white, the eyes are collapsed, the mouth is exposed, the upper and lower lips are shrunk, and the abdomen is collapsed. The silver hairpin is tested, made into yellow waves, and washed with soaphorn water. Yiyun is like this: only the body is swollen, the skin and flesh are like soup and blisters, gradually pus, and the tongue, lips, and nose are all cracked, which is the shape of the poison of the golden silkworm. The nails of the hands and feet and the body are blue and black, there is a lot of bleeding in the mouth and nose, the skin and flesh are cracked, and the tongue and fecal door are exposed, which is the form of Chinese medicine poison and mushroom poison.

If you are thin and weak due to vomiting and diarrhea, your skin is slightly dark and does not break, and there is no blood in your mouth and the fecal door does not come out, it is the opposite of drinking.

If you take poison, wash it with silver hairpin and soaphorn water, probe it into the throat of the dead person, seal it with paper, take it out for a long time, make it blue-black, and then wash it with soaphorn water, and its color will not go. If not, its color is bright white.

If a person dies of poisoning by poisoning, and eats something pressed into the intestines before death, the test is undocumented, that is, it is tested from the valley road, and its color is seen.

Whoever examines the poisoned corpse, and occasionally has taken the poison for a long time and cannot be tested in the test, must first use silver or copper hairpins to penetrate the throat of the dead, but wash it from the bottom with hot vinegar, and gradually go upward, so that the air must be penetrated, and the poisonous gas must be fumigated, and the black color will appear. If the hot dregs and vinegar are turned from top to bottom, the poisonous gas will force the hot gas downward and will no longer be visible. or if they are tempted on the dung door, they will use bad or vinegar as the opposite.

Another method is to cook rice with three liters of rice or Zhan rice, and wash it with one liter of pure glutinous rice, and put it on the stove with a cloth. Take a chicken or a duck. Break the white, mix the glutinous rice evenly, and put it on the front rice to occupy the rice. With three fingers of the hand, grasp the glutinous rice, such as the size of a duck, do not let it be cold, urgently open the mouth of the corpse and put it outside, and use three or five pieces of small paper to cover the mouth, ears, nose, buttocks, **** place, still use three or five new cotton wool, three or five liters of vinegar, fry a few boils with fierce fire, put the cotton wool in the vinegar pot and cook it for half a time, and take it out. If the deceased is poisoned before his death, his corpse will be swollen, and the black and foul juice in his mouth will be sprayed on the cotton wool, and he should not be approached. After removing the cotton wool, the glutinous rice was black and smelly by the smelly juice, which was poisoned. If not, then not. When the test glutinous rice sealed the Shenguan Mansion, it was clearly opened. This test trick was once determined by Dali Temple.

The people of Quang Nam have a little quarrel and anger and rely on people. Self-administration Hu vine grass, a broken intestine grass, shaped like Afoet, the leaves are long and pointed, the strips are viney, and the three leaves or more will die. Those who do it or collect it for a long time will die. If the recipe has not been eaten for a long time, the large fecal juice can be solved. The grass is close to people, and the leaves move. Soak the young leaf heart in water, trickle down the mouth that is a hundred holes to ulcerate blood, its method is to take the eggs and not give birth to chickens to grind finely, and sesame oil to open the mouth to pour it, is to spit out the evil things and Su. If it is too late, there is no one who can be saved.

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Judging from the description of this part, Song Ci may not have fully recognized the corresponding situation of the deceased from reality, but recognized these problems with the relevant classics or common sense that circulated in ancient times.

But there is no doubt that "The Collection of Grievances", as Song Ci's work, is obviously his painstaking work.

Later generations believe that Song Ci is the originator of modern forensic science, which is not unreasonable. (To be continued.) )

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