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In the history of Chinese medicine, although there are many medical classics of materia medica, there are not many that really play a decisive role. Pen&Fun&Pavilion www.biquge.info()

The famous physician of the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen, who is also known as the "King of Medicine in the World", compiled the "Compendium of Materia Medica", which can be said to be the highest level of herbal medical classics in the history of Chinese medicine.

Li Shizhen, whose name is Dongbi, in his later years, called himself a native of the lake, a native of the Waqiba (now Dr. Street) of Dongchang Street, Qizhou Town, Qichun County, Hubei Province, and a famous medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty. Later, he was sentenced to the ancestral hall of the Chu Wangfu and the Royal Tai Hospital, and after his death, the Ming court was awarded the title of "Wenlin Lang".

Since 1565, Li Shizhen has gone to Wudang Mountain, Lushan, Maoshan, Niushou Mountain and Huguang, Anhui, Henan, Hebei and other places to collect drug specimens and prescriptions, and worship fishermen, woodcutters, farmers, coachmen, pharmacists, snake catchers as teachers, refer to 925 kinds of books on medicine and other aspects of the past dynasties, archaeological evidence, exhaustive study of physics", recorded tens of millions of words of notes, clarified many difficult problems, after 27 cold and summer, three changes of draft, in the eighteenth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1590) completed the 1.92 million words of the masterpiece "Compendium of Materia Medica" In addition, there is also research on pulse science and the eight veins of the strange meridians. He is the author of many books, such as "Examination of the Eight Veins of the Strange Classics" and "The Study of the Pulse of the Lake".

Li Shizhen's grandfather was a herbalist doctor, and his father Li Yanwen was a famous doctor at that time, and he was a routine of the Tai Hospital. At that time, the status of folk doctors was low and their lives were hard, and his father did not want Li Shizhen to study medicine again. Li Shizhen was 14 years old with his father to Huangzhou Mansion to take the exam, in the show returned, Li Shizhen was born in a family of doctors, since childhood love medicine, is not keen on the imperial examination, and then went to Wuchang three times to take the exam, are not first, so determined to abandon Confucianism to study medicine, study medicine. At the age of 23, he studied medicine with his father, and his medical reputation became more and more prosperous.

In the thirtieth year of Jiajing of Ming Shizong (1551), when Li Shizhen was 38 years old, he became famous because he cured the illness of the son of Zhu Houkun, the king of Fushun, and was hired by Zhu Yingyi, the king of Chu in Wuchang, as the "Fengcizheng" of the palace, and was also in charge of the affairs of the good medical institute. In the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty (1556), Li Shizhen was recommended to work in Tai Hospital. He was awarded the post of "Judge of the Tai Hospital". Three years later, he was recommended to be sentenced to Rentai Hospital in Beijing. After serving for one year, he resigned and returned to his hometown.

There are many controversies in the historical circles about Li Shizhen's experience of working in the Tai Hospital, some people think that Li Shizhen once served as the judge of the Tai Hospital (Zheng Liupin), but some people think that he only served as the imperial doctor (Zheng Bapin). Regardless of his position, it is an undeniable fact that Li Shizhen was recommended to the DPRK.

The work experience of Tai Hospital may have had a significant impact on his life and laid the foundation for the compilation of the Compendium of Materia Medica. During this period, Li Shizhen was actively engaged in drug research, often going in and out of the pharmacy and imperial medicine warehouse of Yutai Hospital, carefully comparing and identifying medicinal materials from various places, collecting a large amount of information, and also having the opportunity to read the rich classics of the royal palace and the royal collection, including the "Essence of Materia Medica". At the same time, he obtained a large amount of information about the folk herbal medicine at that time from the court, and saw many drug specimens that were difficult to see in ordinary times, which broadened his horizons and enriched his knowledge.

Dongbitang is the name of the hall founded by Li Shizhen in the 37th year of Jiajing of Ming Shizong (1558) after returning to his hometown from the Tai Hospital, and he resigned and returned to his hometown to practice medicine, and devoted himself to the investigation and research of drugs.

In the course of practicing medicine and reading classical medical books for decades, Li Shizhen found that there were many errors in the ancient Materia Medica, and decided to recompile a Materia Medica. At the age of 35, he began to compile the "Compendium of Materia Medica", based on the "Evidence of Materia Medica", referring to more than 800 books, during which he left home many times from the forty-fourth year of Jiajing (1565), and traveled to many famous mountains and rivers in Huguang, Jiangxi and Zhili, and clarified many difficult problems.

In the process of compiling the "Compendium of Materia Medica", the biggest headache for Li Shizhen was that due to the mixed names of the medicines, he often couldn't figure out the shape and growth of the drugs. In the past, although the Materia Medica was repeatedly explained, because some authors did not go deep into the actual situation to conduct investigation and research, but copied back and forth in the book, the more they explained, the more confused they became, and the contradictions were doubled, making people confused. For example, the medicine Yuanzhi, the famous medical scientist Tao Hongjing of the Northern and Southern Dynasties said that it was a small grass, like ephedra, but the color was green and the flowers were white, but Ma Zhi of the Song Dynasty thought it was like a big green and blamed Tao Hongjing for not knowing Yuanzhi at all. Another example is a dog's spine medicine, some say it is like a sprout, some say it is like a plucked leaf, and some say that it is like a penetration, and the statements are very inconsistent. Under the inspiration of his father, Li Shizhen realized that "reading thousands of books" is necessary, but "traveling thousands of miles" is even more indispensable. Therefore, he not only "collected hundreds of clans" but also "interviewed the Quartet" to conduct in-depth investigations.

Qi snake, that is, the white snake produced in Qizhou, this medicine has the function of curing wind paralysis, convulsions, ringworm and so on. Li Shizhen had studied it for a long time, but at first he only observed it from snake dealers. The insider reminded him that it was caught from the mountains of Xingguo Prefecture (now Yangxin County) in Jiangnan, and it was not a real snake. In order to find the real snake, he consulted a snake catcher, who told him that the tip of the snake's teeth was highly venomous, and if a person was bitten, he had to amputate his leg immediately, otherwise he would be poisoned and die.

It has a special effect on various diseases in treatment, so it is very valuable. The state officials forced the masses to risk their lives to arrest them in order to pay tribute to the emperor. Qizhou is so big, in fact, only on Longfeng Mountain in the north of the city can there be real snakes. Li Shizhen got to the bottom of it and wanted to observe the snake with his own eyes, so he asked the snake catcher to take him up Longfeng Mountain.

There is a strange cave in Longfeng Mountain, the strange rocks around the cave are craggy, the bushes are overgrown, and the heather vine is entwined with the shrubs. With the help of snake catchers, he finally saw the snake with his own eyes and saw the whole process of catching and making snakes. When the "Compendium of Materia Medica" writes about the white flower snake, it is concise and accurate. Li Shizhen understands drugs, and is not satisfied with looking at fancy investigations, but "looks at them one by one, quite true", "lists all products, and repeatedly looks at them", and compares and checks the real thing. In this way, a lot of specious and ambiguous drugs have been clarified.

Dahu, also known as pangolins, is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. Tao Hongjing said that it can be amphibious, climb the rock during the day, open the scale armor, pretend to be dead, lure the ants into the armor, then close the scale armor, dive into the water, and then open the armor to let the ants surface, and then devour. In order to find out whether Tao Hongjing's statement was correct, Li Shizhen personally went up the mountain to observe. And with the help of woodcutters and hunters, they caught a pangolin. About a liter of ants were cut out of its stomach, confirming that Tao Hongjing was right. However, from his observations, he found that when pangolin eaters, they scratched the anthill and licked the food, rather than luring the ants into the nail and swallowing them in the water.

After 27 years of long-term efforts, he completed the first draft of the "Compendium of Materia Medica" in the sixth year of Wanli (1578) of Mingshenzong at the age of 61. After that, it was revised three times over a period of 10 years, for a total of 40 years. He died in the twenty-second year of Wanli (1593 AD). In the twenty-fifth year of Wanli (1596), that is, the third year after Li Shizhen's death, the "Compendium of Materia Medica" was officially published in Jinling (now Nanjing).

It is said that in addition to the "Compendium of Materia Medica", Li Shizhen's works also include "Examination of the Eight Veins of the Strange Classics" and "The Study of the Pulse of the Lake", as well as "The Examination of the Door of Life", "The Case of the Medical Case of the Lake", "The Theory of the Five Organs", "The Difficulty of the Three Jiaoke", "The Theory of the Heavenly Puppet", "The Legend of the White Flower Snake", and so on.

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Li Shizhen borrowed the name of Zhu Xi's "Tongjian Compendium" and named the book "Compendium of Materia Medica". In the thirty-first year of Jiajing (1552), he began to compile, and the manuscript was completed in the sixth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1578), which lasted 27 years.

"Compendium of Materia Medica" has 16 parts, 52 volumes, and about 1.9 million words. The book contains 1,518 kinds of drugs collected by various families of materia medica, and 374 kinds of drugs are added on the basis of predecessors, totaling 1,892 kinds of drugs, including 1,195 kinds of plants; a total of ancient pharmacists and folk unilateral rules are compiled; and more than 1,100 drug morphological maps are attached to the front of the book. This great work has absorbed the essence of the previous Materia Medica's works, corrected the previous mistakes as much as possible, supplemented the deficiencies, and made many important discoveries and breakthroughs. It is the most systematic, complete and scientific medical work in China until the 16th century.

Later generations believe that Li Shizhen broke the classification method of upper, middle and lower grades that had been followed for more than 1,000 years since the "Shennong's Materia Medica", and divided the medicine into 16 parts, including 60 categories, including water, fire, earth, gold and stone, grass, grain, lai, fruit, wood, clothing, insects, scales, media, birds, beasts and people. The name of each drug label is the outline, and the following items of the outline are clear. The book also systematically describes the knowledge of various medicines. Including calibration, interpretation, interpretation, correctness and error, treatment, smell, indications, inventions, appendices, prescriptions, etc., from the history, morphology to function, prescription, etc., the description is very detailed, enriching the knowledge of materia medica.

In later generations, the Compendium of Materia Medica not only made significant contributions to the development of Chinese pharmacology, but also had a profound impact on the development of medicine, botany, zoology, mineralogy and chemistry in the world. The Compendium of Materia Medica has been translated into more than ten languages such as Japanese, French, German, English, Latin, Russian, and Korean, and has been published abroad.

The book pioneered the classification system according to the natural attributes of drugs, which is one of the important methods of modern biological taxonomy, which is a century and a half earlier than Linnaeus, the founder of modern plant taxonomy, and is known as the "Great Book of Oriental Medicine". In May 2011, the Jinling edition of the Compendium of Materia Medica was inscribed on the Memory of the World Register.

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Li Shizhen's medical skills are very extensive, and his understanding of drugs and prescriptions can be seen from the "Compendium of Materia Medica", and about Li Shizhen's other medical skills, it can be seen from his works on pulse:

Li Shizhen felt that there were many shortcomings and even errors in the pulse of Chinese medicine in his time, so he compiled the "Pulse Formula", that is, "Pulse Science of the Lake", according to the "Four Diagnosis Inventions" written by his father Li Yuechi and the essence of many other pulse theories in history.

"The Study of the Pulse of the Lake" was written by Li Shizhen in his later years, and it is the book of life, which is "The Study of the Pulse of the Lake". The language of "Pulse Science of the Lake" is concise and clear, not only summarizes the clinical complex pulse into the basic 27 kinds of pulses, but also summarizes the main content, that is, the pulse, the identification of similar pulses, and the main diseases of the pulse, are all written in the form of rhymes and songs, and are cheap to memorize, so the book has been widely circulated and has always been respected by doctors.

Later generations believed that "Pulse Science of the Lake" has great guiding significance for the basic theoretical research and clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine, and is a model work of traditional Chinese medicine.

And Li Shizhen has many allusions, among which the more famous ones are the following:

Resurrecting the "dead":

One day, Li Shizhen and his eldest apprentice Wang Guanghe came to Hukou and saw a group of people carrying a coffin for the funeral, and the coffin was bleeding straight out. Li Shizhen stepped forward to take a look, and saw that the blood flowing out was not bruised but blood, so he hurriedly stopped the crowd and asked the person carrying the coffin to stop. Li Shizhen saw everyone's thoughts, persuaded repeatedly, and finally made the owner agree to open the coffin. After a massage, and then a needle in his heart, after a while, the woman in the coffin snorted softly and woke up. Soon after, the woman gave birth to a son, who had fallen into suspended animation due to a difficult birth.

(This allusion doesn't seem to be the first one created by Li Shizhen, when I used to read books, it seems to have something to do with Sun Simiao.) ）

The life and death of a living person:

One day, after eating and drinking, the son of the owner of a pharmacy climbed over the counter and asked Li Shizhen to check his pulse, Li Shizhen told him, little brother, you can't live for three hours, please go home quickly. Everyone didn't believe it, and the son of the pharmacy owner scolded him even more. Sure enough, within three hours, the man was dead. It turned out that this person had eaten too much, jumped over, broke his intestines, and damaged his internal organs.

A special trip to the herbs:

Some people say that there is a medicine in the north, called mandala flower, which will make people dance after eating, and in severe cases, it will also be anesthetic. In order to find mandala flowers, Li Shizhen left his hometown and came to the north. Finally found a single stem straight up four or five feet high, the leaves like eggplant leaves, flowers like morning glory, early blooming and night closing of the mandala flower, in order to master the performance of the mandala flower, personally try, and wrote down "cut sores and moxibustion fire, it is advisable to take this first, then do not feel bitter". It has been confirmed that it is impossible to detoxify soybeans alone, and if you add licorice, it has a good effect.

Good at pairs:

Li Shizhen has been smart and good since she was a child, and she has learned a lot of words with her father before she goes to school. When I first entered the school, Mr. Private School looked at the distant mountains surrounded by trees, and said, "The distant sound is quiet in the forest." Although Li Shizhen was only eight years old at the time, he saw that the morning glow was very bright, and the passing passengers had already boarded, so he blurted out: "Mingxia flies to passengers." ”

There is a pharmacy owner, who has a daughter under his knees, smart and beautiful, in order to choose a talented man for his daughter to marry, he decided to use the name of medicine to marry Shanglian: "Jade leaves and golden flowers are a root." Many suitors sighed. Among them, there was a young man surnamed Ma who was loyal, but he was slightly lacking in literary talent, and he had to ask Li Shizhen for help. Li Shizhen was a young man who was happy to help others, and blurted out: "Cordyceps sinensis nine heavy skins." The shopkeeper saw that Ma Gongzi was more handsome, and handed him a pair of upper couplets, which was limited to one day. This uplink is: "Water lotus half-branch lotus see the flower shines on the water lotus." Ma Gongzi had to ask Li Shizhen to make the following couplet: "Mother-of-pearl, a pearl and jade bowl holding pearls." The shopkeeper was very happy after seeing it, and then came out of the "Pulsatilla Morning Glory Farming", which was limited to half a day. Ma Gongzi had no choice but to beg Li Shizhen three times. In order to fulfill this marriage, Li Shizhen thought about it for a while, and used "Heavenly Fairy Acacia with Matchmaker" as the next couplet. The shopkeeper was very satisfied and immediately agreed to the engagement.

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There are many allusions to Li Shizhen in history, and it is impossible to completely distinguish their authenticity, but it is undeniable that Li Shizhen, as one of the four famous people of ancient Chinese medicine, is naturally undoubted in his medical skills. (To be continued.) )

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