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In ancient Chinese medicine, in addition to physicians and Taoist priests who have a deep understanding of Chinese medicine, there is also a profession that has a relatively different and profound imprint in medicine. Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info

And this profession is the forensic doctor in ancient China.

In the later generations of Zhang Jiashi, forensic doctors used basic medicine, clinical medicine, and related forensic science and technology and forensic technology to investigate and identify the human body (living body, corpse, spirit) and crime scene related to the law, and made an appraisal of the scientific and technical personnel.

Ancient forensic medicine was called Lingshi and Qianzuo, and mainly did simple autopsy (and did not involve the content of modern Western medicine science and technology, especially pathology).

The earliest forensic medicine in the world is the "History of Ling" of the Qin Dynasty. Qin law stipulates that in principle, an autopsy must be conducted in cases where the cause of death is unknown, and if the magistrate violates the law and fails to conduct an examination, he will be punished. The Qin Dynasty's "Sealed Diagnosis Style" is the world's earliest forensic standard, and it has a relatively detailed record of the methods and procedures of forensic identification. In homicide cases, the main contents of the identification examination include the location of the body, the location of the wound, the number, the direction and the size. After the completion of the historical examination, a written report, called the "Shoshu", must be submitted, which is the world's earliest forensic identification conclusion and on-site investigation report.

"Sealed Diagnosis" is a model tutorial for the officials of the Qin State at that time in the trial of cases, which can be seen from the content of "Sealed Diagnosis":

Governing Prisons: To administer prisons, one can follow the words of the writers, and win people's invitations (affections) without curing (flogging) (plundering) and grating (plundering) as the bottom; and fear of defeat.

Prison interrogation: Whoever interrogates the prison must first listen to his words and write, and show his own words, although he is wise (knowing) his advice, do not be memorable. His words have been exhausted and not (none) understood, but by those who have written them. There are (again) listen to the explanation of the book, and there are (also) look at other people who do not need (not) to recross-examine it. The law should be used to treat (flogging) forgiving (plundering), and it is to cure (flogging) forgiving (plundering). The book of forgiveness (plundering) is said: The book of war: to change the word with a certain number. No (no) explanation, governance (flogging) xun.

There is a sheath: Dare to sue a certain county lord, a man has a sheath, and the resignation says: Shi Wu (Wu), live in a certain mile. In the naming matter, the cloud can be (what), and the sin can be forgiven. Or if there is no (none) question, the one who sends the knowledge will be sealed by law. When Teng, Teng is a retribution, dare to sue the Lord.

Sealed and guarded: a certain book of a certain county, sealed with a certain family, wife, son, concubine, clothing, and livestock. A room, people: one Yu and two inside, each has a household, the inner room is tiled, the wood is large, and the door is ten wood. It will not be sealed. The eldest woman has no husband, the son is a small man, six feet five inches high, the minister is a concubine, the concubine is a little woman, the peony dog is one. Some people all say: A seal has this, and there is no (no) it should be sealed. That is, to pay a certain level with a seal, and to keep it more with the insiders. Waiting.

The content of the guidance of the history of the order should be as follows:

(疠): The book: a certain Li Dian Jia Yi Li person five (Wu) C, said: Suspicious (疠), to say. Xun C, the word said: When he was three years old, he was sick, his moose (eyebrows) protruded, and he could not know (how) he could be sick. No (no) it sits. Doctor Ding diagnosed, Ding Yan said: Bingwu (none) moose (eyebrows), Gen Ben is absolute, and the nasal cavity is bad. Piercing the nose (sneezing). Elbows (knees) □□□ to □ feet are strange (heel) and collapsed. His hands are not in his hands. Ling?(No.), its tone is defeated.

Death of a thief: A certain court begged for a certain thief to sue: All the thieves in the department died, knotted their hair, and were unwise (knowing) but (he) a man came to sue. Immediately ordered Shi to go to the clinic. Ling Shi's book: A diagnosis with a prison subordinate minister. The man died (corpse) in the south of a certain room, just away. The left corner of a certain head has a blade, and the north (back) two, all from the (longitudinal) head north (back), each four inches, each inch, and each inch wide, all of them are medium-class axes, and the corners of the brain are all bloody, and the north (back) of the head is dirty, and the ground is not vast; Cloth Zen and undergarment. The north (back) of the undergarment is straight, and the blade is used to cover the two places, and the two places are used. The north (back) and the middle □ stained blood. The man has one or two steps in the west, and the man has six steps and ten steps. The earth is strong, and you can't know (know) the thief?. The man was Ding Zhuang, pale, seven feet one inch long, and his hair was two feet long; The man died (corpse) to a certain pavilion 100 steps, to a certain Lishi 5 (Wu) Bingtian House 200 steps. Bear (buried) a man in a certain place, serve (wait) for orders. To the undergarment, the court of the fulfillment. Xunjia Pavilion people and C, the wise (knowing) man can (what) day die, smell (number) Kou is not?

Sutra Death: Script: A certain Li Dian A said: The person in the five (Wu) C died in his room, and he was unwise (knowing) for a reason, so he came to sue. That is, he ordered Shi to go to the clinic. Ling Shi wrote a book: and the prison subordinate minister, that is, A, C's wife, and the woman C. Bing death (corpse) county in the east of the room in the north of the right, Nanxiang (to), to the rope as big as a big finger, spin through the neck, spin the end in the item. The final right is on the rope, and then the rope is knotted, and the rest is two feet. The head is two feet right, the foot is not two inches to the ground, the head is north (back) Fu Yan, the tongue is kissed with the lips, the lower arrow is weak (drowning), and the dirt is two (?). Unraveling, its mouth and nose breath out of Wei (喟) ran. Demand?? (Pepper) depressed, not two inches. It doesn't have a (no) blade wooden rope?. The power is big and around, three feet long, two feet to the west, and the road can be the end. The earth is strong, and it is not wise (to know) people?. Suo Yuanzhang. Clothes Zen shirts, each one, practice □. That is, to order A, the female to carry the death (corpse) of the court. The diagnosis must first carefully examine its needs, when the solitary death (corpse) place, that is, the end of the view, the end of the party has a pass, but the tongue can not come out, the head and feet to the end of the ground can be (what), the arrow is weak (drowning) is not (also) is the solution, the mouth and nose are not (also) and the state of the view is depressed. At last, he tried to take off his head, but he was able to take it off, but he □ his clothes, and looked at his body, his hair, and his usurpation. The tongue does not come out, the mouth and nose do not sigh, the rope is not depressed, the rope cannot be taken off in a hurry, and it is difficult to judge □ death. Those who have been dead for a long time, and their mouth and nose may not be able to be cleared. The person who commits suicide must first have a reason, ask him if he is cohabiting, and answer (answer) the reason.

Acupuncture?: The book: A certain Lishi 5 (Wu) B said: Since the night Zang (Tibet) B Fu (Fu) Yi in the room, close his household, B alone and his wife Bing obscurity. From this day, the household has been opened to take clothes, and the person has been in the acupuncture room, and the person who is not wise (knowing) the acupoint can be (who) person and the number of people, not (no) it is dead? (also), to sue. That is, to order Ling Shi to go to the clinic and ask for it. Ling Shi's book: With the township □□ subordinate minister, that is, B, Dianding diagnosis B room. The interior of the room is in its large inner east. Than the big one, Nanxiang (to) has a household. There is a small hall in the back, and there is a new hole in the center of the inside. Qi Xiaotang under the hole, the upper height is two feet three inches, the lower width is two feet five inches, and the upper is like a pig sinus. That's why it's chiseled next to the class. The wide □ inch is half an inch. Its cave soil is on the chapel, and the soil is sown in the straight hole. 柀 (broken) into the inside. There are six places on the inner and outer soil of the hole, the ?,? of the hand, and the hand. There are four Qinqi in the outer soil, and the size is two inches. It is four inches thick in front, five inches in the middle, and three inches in the heel. Its performance is similar to that of the performance. There is a wall in the inner north, the wall is seven feet high, and the north of the wall is the alley. The north of the wall goes to the north of the small hall, and the east of the wall goes to the inner five steps, and there is a new small bad on it. Bad and straight, both inside and outside, and similar to the foot, can not be vast. Under the chapel and outside the wall, it is not allowed. Ignorance (knowing) the number of people and where to go. There are bamboo ?,? in the northeast of the inside, and the east and north go to the north to the four feet each, and the height is one foot. B said: □ and clothing, the central government, and the news B and C. All said: B is the second month of this clothes, fifty feet, silk, five catties of silk wool (loaded), Miao Xuan five feet and the temple (pure). Those who are not wise (knowing) can be (who) people and fleas (early) Mo (twilight), not (no) meaning? (also). Xun D, B Wu (Wu) people (Wu) □. Said: See B has a compound (re) clothes, Miao Yuan and the temple (pure), new (also). I don't know what □ can be and what is the state of death.

Out of the son's book: A certain Lishi five (Wu) wife A said: A is pregnant with a son in June, since the day and the same big woman C?, A and C are together, C is a good person. The people in the public are rescued by Ding, don't C, A. A to the ventricular recovery (abdominal) pain. Conjured up from the night. Today, the first hand is wrapped in a handle to tell himself, and he tells C. That is, he ordered Shi to go to C. Immediate diagnosis of babies for men and women, hair growth and protection. If there is (also) the number of concubines, the blood and symptoms will be discharged before the diagnosis of the nails. There is (also) news that person A in room A went to the room residence and recovering (abdomen) pain. Cheng Yi Shu: Ling Shi and Lichen have been wrapped in a cloth towel, such as (cup) blood, as big as a hand, and cannot be wise (knowing). That is, put it in the water (shake), (cup) blood, (also). Its head, body, arms, fingers, thighs down to feet, and toes are human-like, but not intellect (knowing) eyes, ears, nose, men and women. There is (again) (cup) blood in the water. One of the formulas says: The number of concubines is diagnosed with a certain person, and it is said that there is dry blood next to the front of the a, and there is still less blood today, which is not a trivial matter. A certain reward (taste) is conceived and changed, and its front and blood are like a □.

......

From the description of the four examples of "Sealed Diagnosis", it can be seen that the history of the order at that time already had a clear and methodical means of inspection, although from the current point of view, the examples at that time can be said to have many loopholes, but it has to be said that the "Qin Law" can have a fairly clear description and guidance in this regard, which can be said to be a kind of transcendent criterion.

Of course, perhaps such a situation is not only a problem of the Qin Law itself, perhaps in the pre-Qin period, there was already a formal guidance and learning system of the forensic system.

As for what a book is? This is a report document in the form of closing a case, and the book that appears in the "Qin Law" is a kind of guideline that explains in a certain sense how similar cases should be adjudicated.

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In the ancient Chinese forensic system, there were two very famous and influential celebrities, one was Di Renjie, and the other was Song Ci, who compiled the "Collection of Records of Grievances".

Di Renjie, later generations believe that he is not a pure forensic doctor, and this is not wrong. But there is no doubt that Di Renjie has an ability similar to forensic identification, and there is no doubt about it.

Di Renjie was an official in his early years, one of the things he was very famous for was that Di Renjie was promoted to Dali Cheng, he was honest and honest, and he did not enforce the law, and he judged a large number of backlog cases within a year, involving 17,000 people, but none of them were wrongly prosecuted, and his reputation was greatly enhanced for a while.

During the Tang Dynasty, Si Cheng was in charge of the review of judicial cases in various departments of the central government and local prefectures. Each case that has been reviewed by the temple must be signed (drawn) together with the other five temple officials in order to have legal effect. If other temples disagree, they should also indicate this when drawing. Tang system, after Cheng is convicted, it must be reviewed by Dali.

Obviously, Di Renjie's ability to judge cases in his experience as a Dali Temple Governor was affirmed by his colleagues and corresponding personnel, and the review of these criminal and prison cases includes many aspects, if Di Renjie does not have this ability, then he will inevitably not get such an evaluation and argument.

......

Song Ci is recognized as a leader in ancient Chinese forensic medicine, and is considered to be the "originator of forensic medicine" by the world forensic science community.

Of course, in addition to being a forensic doctor, Song Ci is also a military attache who can go to the battlefield, and he is also a praised magistrate when governing the place.

The record of Song Ci being thought to be in charge of the forensic system is believed to be from 1235. However, from the perspective of Song Ci's performance experience, the time when Song Ci mentioned the prison was the beginning of the year, which may be due to an allusion to Song Ci and an error:

One day, he saw a suicide case in a closed case file, the deceased was a farmer, he felt that there were very few cases of farmer suicide, there must be a last resort, must die, will go to a dead end, and there is no detailed reason for suicide in the case file, so he decided to take advantage of the case soon to retry it. In the first step, he opened the coffin for an autopsy and found that the wound on the deceased's abdomen was light in and heavy in the outlet. Therefore, he visited the neighbors, relatives and friends of the deceased, and finally found out the grievances and exposed the truth of a murder case of rapturing women and killing innocent people.

It turned out that there was a local eunuch named Wu Liang, who relied on his father Yu Yin, who had been a secretary of the household department, to be greedy for wine and lust, and to act recklessly, and it happened that the county governor was his father's protégé, and he was not an official and was not right, and often made the traitors go unpunished, and the people had already complained. One day, Wu Liang saw a young woman with outstanding appearance, intending to get involved, and found out that she was the new wife of the farmer, and the housekeeper who helped the abusive man offered a plan to quietly kill the farmer, and took the bride away as a suicide. also took out a sum of silver and made a large joint up and down the yamen, so a murder case was hastily concluded. Wu Liang not only got away with it, but also enjoyed all the blessings. However, Song Ci reorganized the case, arrested Wu Liang and the housekeeper to punish the crime, and the grievances of the croppers were finally rehabilitated, winning the praise of the local people and causing a sensation.

This allusion is believed to have happened when Song Ci served as the county magistrate of Changting, perhaps because of this, there will be such an error. (To be continued.) )

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