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In addition to the Mo family's considerable civil force in the Warring States Period, the Hundred Schools of Princes did not neglect their own martial arts cultivation in many ways. Pen Fun Pavilion wWw. ｂiquge。 ｉｎfo

Except for a very small number of famous leaders of the Hundred Schools of Thought, many people even had to face some sudden killings during the Warring States Period, after all, this is also a manifestation of the troubled times.

If we compare the strength of the hundred schools of thought in this regard, then we can also see some things.

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Zhuzi Baijia is a general term for various academic schools in the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period, and the Qin and Han Dynasties.

According to the records of the Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicle, there are a total of works that can be named.

Later, books such as the Book of Sui and the Chronicles of the Book of Sui and the General Catalogue of the Four Libraries recorded that there were thousands of schools of thought.

However, there are only a few dozen of them that are widely circulated, have great influence, and are the most famous. In general, only 12 schools have been developed into schools. Among the hundred schools of thought, the most widespread are Legalism, Taoism, Moism, Confucianism, Yin and Yang, famous scholars, miscellaneous families, peasant families, novelists, vertical and horizontal families, soldiers, and doctors. The Han nationality has created splendid culture and art in ancient times, with distinctive characteristics. The Han nationality has a history of more than 5,000 years and is extremely rich in cultural classics, which is one of the achievements of a hundred schools of thought in a large part.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the achievements of various schools of thought and scholarship reflected the ancient Greek civilization of the same period, and the three major philosophical systems represented by Confucius, Laozi, and Mozi formed a prosperous situation in which hundreds of schools of thought contended. Confucianism, represented by Confucius and Mencius, rose to prominence during the Song Dynasty, and at the same time, to varying degrees, it influenced other ethnic minorities, even countries adjacent to China.

Legalism is an important school in Chinese history that advocates the legal system as its core ideology, and the Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles is listed as one of the "Nine Streams". The source of its ideology can be traced back to the **** period of the official, the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period is also called the name of the penalty, the study of the name of the penalty, through Guan Zhong, Shilu, Zichan, Li Kui, Wu Qi, Shang Ying, Shen Dao, Shen Bu Harm, Le Yi, Ju Xin and others to vigorously develop, and then become a school. At the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei summarized and synthesized their doctrines, and collected the culmination of legalists.

Its scope covers the social sciences of law, economics, administration, organization and management, as well as social reform, law, economics, finance, currency, international trade, administrative management, organizational theory and operations research.

Legalism was the political spokesperson of the common people during the Warring States period. Emphasizing "no intimacy, no special and cheap." Break the law". As a major faction, Legalist thought has put forward the proposition and concept of the rule of law that still has far-reaching influence, which is enough to see that they attach great importance to the legal system and regard the law as a coercive tool conducive to social rule. The birth of contemporary Chinese law was influenced by Legalist thought. Legalist thought still has a strong influence on a country's political, cultural, and moral constraints, and its influence on the modern legal system is also far-reaching.

In China's traditional rule of law culture. Qi Guo's idea of the rule of law is unique and is known as the Qi Legalist. Qi is the feudal state of Jiang Taigong, the founder of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the ancestor of Jiang Taigong, Boyi, assisted Yu Shun, made rituals and teachings, legislated and set punishments, and established a system of combining the first rites and laws. Taigong sealed Qi, simple etiquette and customs, law and order, and ritual and law were used together to become the way of governing the country that is inherited and not abolished.

Guan Zhong assisted Qi Huan to govern Qi. On the one hand, etiquette, righteousness and honesty are regarded as the pillars of the country to maintain the country, and the importance of etiquette, righteousness, honesty and shame is promoted. On the other hand, it emphasized the rule of law, and the monarch and the minister, both the noble and the low, obeyed the law, and became the first person in Chinese history to propose the rule of law. During the Warring States Period, Qi became the source of the first ideological emancipation movement in Chinese history and the contention of a hundred schools of thought, and a group of gentlemen who inherited and promoted Guan Zhong's thought formed the Guan Zhong School. The rule of law thought of the Guan Zhong school and the emphasis on law and religion became the highest achievement of the pre-Qin Legalist school.

Jurisprudence originated in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the "Hundred Schools of Thought Contending" was a great ideological debate during the period of social change. This great debate basically laid the foundation for the development of China's feudal society and culture for more than 2,000 years. In particular, Confucianism and Confucianism and Legalism had a fierce debate on their attitudes towards "etiquette" and "law", among which most of the representative figures of Legalism came from the land of the Three Jin Dynasty, from Li Kui, the author of the first written code of the Chinese legal system, to Xun Qian, who "attaches equal importance to etiquette and law, and promotes both Xing and virtue", and then to Han Fei, who "does not avoid ministers when punishing crimes, and does not avoid husbands when rewarding goodness" and put forward the theory of power constraints. as well as Wu Qi, Shang Ying, Shen Dao, etc. Its spirit of the rule of law and the idea of the rule of law together constitute the essence of the culture of the Sanjin Legalists, and have made outstanding contributions to the formation and development of the Chinese legal system.

During the Warring States Period, Legalism was mainly divided into two camps: Qi Legalism and Qin and Jin Legalism.

The Qin and Jin Legalists advocated not to be close to each other, not to be noble and lowly, and to break off the law; The Qi Legalists advocated the rule of law and the importance of both law and education; the Qin and Jin Legalists regarded the law, art, and potential as the supreme and guideline, while the Qi Legalists emphasized both technique and power. He also emphasizes the law and teaching.

Li Kui, one of the founders of the Qin and Jin Legalists, served as the Marquis of Wei Wen, advocated the "teaching of the best of the land", advocated vigorously developing agricultural production, adjusting the rent of grain, and creating the "leveling" law, taking into account the interests of farmers and citizens. He also collected the criminal laws of various countries at that time and compiled 6 articles of the "Book of Law". The Book of Law is the first relatively complete legal code in ancient China. Wu Qi, who was at the same time as Li Kui, first carried out military reform in Wei State, and later carried out political reform in Chu State, "Ming Law Trial, Damage to Officials Who Are Not in a Hurry", "Make the Third Son of the Feudal Emperor Accept Juelu", break the Shiqing Shilu system of the old aristocracy, force the old nobles to migrate to the border to reclaim the wasteland, and reward "warriors who fight". Later, Shang Ying implemented two changes in Qin, the main contents of which were: opening up the territory and abolishing the well-field system; recognizing private ownership of land, rewarding agricultural warfare, and changing the original status of those who were diligent in farming and weaving and paying more corn and silk; those who had military merits could be awarded knighthoods; the county system was implemented; and it was advocated that severe punishment should be used to eliminate crimes. However, he rejected moral education and despised the role of knowledge and culture. He looked at history from the perspective of development, and proposed that "those who oppose the ancients must be wrong, and there are not many people who follow the rites", and "if the world is not governed together, the country will not be lawless".

Economically, iron tools were gradually applied to agricultural production, and cattle farming began to be widely promoted, which led to a rapid increase in agricultural productivity. Iron tools appeared in the late Spring and Autumn period, but they were not popular, and after entering the Warring States period, both agriculture and handicrafts were inseparable from iron tools. In "Pipes", it is said that the farmer must have iron rakes, rakes, and chos, the female workers must have needles and knives, and the turners must have catties, saws, cones, and chisels. Otherwise they can't do it. The change and widespread use of production tools have both enhanced the ability to open up land and increased the area of arable land. At the same time, it provides more means of production and living for the society. In the mid-to-late Spring and Autumn period, in addition to the "well field", there was a "private field". As a result, the number of private fields increased, and land could be exchanged and even bought and sold, and the well field system gradually collapsed. Warring States period. The mode of social production also began to change, and individual farming as a household replaced collective cooperation in ploughing. The feudal individual economy gradually became dominant, and the situation of "industrial and commercial food officials" gradually broke, and individual handicraftsmen and merchants appeared. They have many trades, including ironworking, carpentry, weaving, washing and dyeing, embroidery, pottery, etc. The internal division of labor is still very detailed, and there are those who specialize in making shoes, hats, farm tools, cooking utensils, cars, and funeral utensils. During the Warring States Period, there were many types of commodity exchanges, and the areas of commodity exchange were also quite wide, such as walking horses and barking dogs in the north, feathers, ivory, leather, and danqing in the south, and fish and salt in the east. Western leather, Wenxuan, etc. As a result of the prosperity of handicrafts and commerce, the cities also prospered unprecedentedly, and some large cities with large populations and developed economies appeared.

During the Warring States Period and the Qin Dynasty, Legalist theory was fully practiced.

The Qin Dynasty put an end to the 500-year split and secession of the princes from the Spring and Autumn Period, and became the first unified centralized state in Chinese history with the Chinese ethnic group as the main body and multi-ethnic integration. He pioneered the emperor system, the central official system represented by the three princes and nine secretaries, and the county system, completely breaking the Shiqing Shilu system since the Western Zhou Dynasty. It vigorously maintained the unity of the country, strengthened the central government's control over the localities, and laid the foundation for the rule of China's great unified dynasty.

It can be seen that in the pre-Qin period, the strength of a country was in fact inseparable from the fact that the Legalist policy of governing the country was supported.

Because whether it is the middle of the pipe, the child is born. Or Li Kui, Shang Ying and others, they are reused, which is the most important embodiment of the support of the country they serve to implement the Legalist policy.

And the influence of Legalism was the greatest in this period.

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Confucianism was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States period, and it was taught by Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period. It is an academic school that takes the six arts as the law, advocates "etiquette and music" and "benevolence and righteousness", advocates "loyalty and forgiveness" and the "golden mean" of impartiality, advocates "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attaches importance to moral and ethical education and people's self-cultivation.

Confucianism emphasizes the function of education, believing that emphasizing education and light punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be prosperous and happy. He advocated that "there is no class in education" and that both the rulers and the ruled should be educated, so that the whole country can become people with high morals.

Politically, he also advocated governing the country with propriety and convincing people with virtue, called for the restoration of "Zhou Li", and believed that "Zhou Li" was the ideal road to realize ideal politics. By the time of the Warring States Period, Confucianism was divided into eight schools, the most important of which were Mencius and Xunzi.

Mencius's thought is mainly "the people are noble and the monarch is light", advocating the ruler to implement "benevolent government", in the discussion of human nature, he believes that human nature is good, and put forward the "theory of sexual goodness", which is completely different from Xunzi's "theory of sexual evil", the reason why Xunzi proposed that human nature is evil is also a more acute manifestation of social contradictions in the Warring States Period.

Confucianism is the most influential school in ancient China since Dong Zhongshu's "exclusive respect for Confucianism". Confucianism, as an expression of China's inherent value system, is not an academic or school in the usual sense.

Confucianism has had a deep influence on Chinese culture, and for thousands of years, the society has been taught from generation to generation in the Four Books and the Five Classics. The traditional idea of responsibility, the idea of moderation, and the idea of loyalty and filial piety are the result of the combination of Confucianism and **** rule, so Confucianism is the mainstream thought along with the contemporary.

Confucianism's contribution to Chinese science and technology and world civilization was particularly enormous. According to the "Chronology of World Natural Science Events", before the 16th century, there were about 300 major scientific and technological inventions that affected human life, of which 175 were invented by Chinese. It is precisely these major inventions (including discoveries) that have enabled China's farming, textile, metallurgy, and handicraft manufacturing technologies to be at the world's advanced level for a long time. Confucianism also left behind a large number of world-renowned scientific works, such as "Examination of Work", "Heavenly Creation" and so on.

And some people in later generations believe that these have nothing to do with the Mo family, which became famous for its anime novels. Therefore, do not mention that ancient China is backward in science and technology, the Eight-Nation Alliance, or the Mohists who are extremely popular in animation but have long been extinct in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty in reality, which is not in line with historical facts.

Of course, this does not rule out that Confucianism at that time actually obtained some Mohist techniques, and as Confucian skills, they continued to be passed on.

Confucianism takes the traditional feudal society as the material bearer, and the traditional feudal society takes Confucianism as the spiritual bearer, and the collapse of the traditional society leads to the loss of the authority of Confucius. When China was bombarded by the cannons of the Western powers, the anti-Confucian movement began in modern times, and experienced the peasant revolutionary ideology of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the democratic ideology of the bourgeois revolutionaries, and the May Fourth New Culture Movement, which reached its climax.

More than 80 years ago, the people of the time were angry at the weakness of the country and criticized the turtle and called the sky. A group of radical youths who were deeply influenced by Western studies and eager to save the country and strive for prosperity, with Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu as the main generals, launched a "May Fourth Movement" that was the climax of anti-Confucian and non-Confucian in modern China. With the resolute attitude of "bringing down the Confucian family", the athletes denied Confucianism, which has been the mainstream of Chinese culture for more than 2,000 years.

However, before Confucianism was distorted by the so-called Confucian sect in later generations, it is undeniable that Confucianism as a school and doctrine, like many schools of thought, had limitations and superiority.

Confucius advocated that there should be no class in teaching, and by virtue of this alone, he deserved to be called the master of all ages by later generations. And who of later generations of Confucian scholars will be able to do this?

Later generations believed that Confucianism was weak, which can be regarded as a distorted understanding for Confucius, Mencius and even Confucian scholars in the Dong Zhongshu period.

Because during a period of time, Confucianism resolutely practiced the "six arts of the gentleman", and most of the Confucian scholars who graduated from Confucianism could be said to have a certain amount of force by virtue of the two aspects of "royal" and "shooting". Even until the Sui and Tang dynasties, many Confucian scholars were able to go to the battlefield to fight and even kill.

However, after the rise of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, most of the Confucian disciples became powerless nerds who were bound by the so-called Confucian classics and emerging Confucian doctrines.

During the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xun was able to fight desperately against the rebels of the Anshi Rebellion on the city wall of Suiyang, and killed the rebel officers and soldiers without changing his face.

Wen Tianxiang in the Song Dynasty was certainly a model of a generation of loyal ministers, but he was captured many times, which also shows that most of the Confucian scholars in the Song Dynasty have become powerless.

(To be continued.) )

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