readx;? The earliest pottery ware in China was discovered, which was unearthed in the main chamber (front hall) of room F901. Pen Fun Pavilion wWw. ｂiquge。 ｉｎfo

There are mainly muddy trough-shaped strip plates, fine sand long-handled twist ear shovel-shaped copy, muddy single-ring ear basket-shaped copy, muddy four deep-bellied jars with lids, etc. The volume of the strip-shaped plate is about 264.3 cubic centimeters, the volume of natural grain in the shovel-shaped copy is about cubic centimeters, the volume of natural grain in the kei-shaped copy is about cubic centimeters, and the volume of the four deep-bellied jars is about cubic centimeters. It can be seen from this that except for the Kei-shaped copy, which is twice that of the shovel-shaped copy, the relationship between the other three pieces is increased by a factor of ten. In order to be consistent with the name of the ancient measuring tool, the name of its corresponding capacity will be crowned with the title of liter, bucket and hu, which can be called "strip sheng, copy bucket, four hu" and so on.

Bone daggers and spade-shaped vessels have been excavated, on which there are many equally distant dot-shaped drill hole scales, and the sockets are painted with red pigment, which are supposed to be the length and width of something at that time.

The above includes two types of ceramic tools for measuring volume and length (or weight), which are the earliest physical evidence of "degree, measurement and weight" in China.

Longqiu Culture: Jiangsu in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Time: BC5000~3000 years. Typical site: Longqiuzhuang site in Gaoyou City, Jiangsu.

There are two kinds of residential remains, one is the Gan type building and the other is the ground building. Above-ground buildings have been found to have wall foundations, post holes, and a living surface covered with a layer of mussel shells. Due to the low-lying terrain in the eastern part of Jianghuai, there are moisture-proof and waterproof measures in the buildings.

More than 2,000 pieces of pottery, jade, bone and horn ware and other cultural relics have been unearthed. Cultivated rice was discovered.

Paleographs of the oracle bone system were discovered. Four bird-like and fish-like drawings were found on the inner wall of the fragment along the mouth of a clay black pottery pot, corresponding to four characters for each drawing. This pottery shard was called "the dawn of Chinese civilization" when it was exhibited across the country. The occurrence and use of writing was a milestone in humanity's march from the age of barbarism to the threshold of civilization.

There are a large number of finely machined bone horns, mostly made from the bone horns of the local water beast elk. There are not only large production tools axes and pickaxes and small production tools forks, teeth, awls, knives and daggers, but also spinning and needles for textiles, and flutes and pendants for decoration. In the production of bone horn tools, not only the use of cutting, grinding, grinding, carving and other processes, but also the emergence of hollowing technology, especially the invention of the composite production tool pickaxe that can be repeatedly replaced with sharp blades, the sophistication of the production technology is amazing, undoubtedly the highest level of bone horn production and use at that time.

The water vessels in the pottery are not only large in number but also complex in form, such as boiling water, warm water, and drinking water, which are reflected in the pottery, and there are kettles with double streams and pots with double streams, three streams, and four streams, which are rare in other primitive cultures. Clay black pottery was found.

The discovery of male and female burial tombs indicates that monogamy was already practiced at that time, representing the disintegration of matrilineal clans and the germination of patrilineal clans.

Beixin culture: most of Shandong (except Jiaodong Peninsula). Time: BC5000~4000 years. Typical site: Guanqiao Town, Tengzhou City, Shandong.

The pottery is mainly sand-filled yellow-brown pottery and clay red pottery, with a small amount of black pottery. The sand pottery has a lower fire temperature and a thicker pottery tire, while the clay pottery has a higher fire temperature and a delicate texture. All the pottery is handmade, still in the primitive stage, the unearthed utensils are monotonous, the shape is simple, mainly there are tripods, kettles, pots, bowls, pots, etc. These pottery utensils were used as daily utensils by the people at that time.

Crafts such as weaving, sewing, and bone making also began to develop, and the bottom of the two excavated pieces of pottery was clearly printed with regular mat patterns. The advent of finely polished bone needles and pottery spinning wheels made it possible to weave, sew and wear using wild fibers and animal plush spinning threads. Therefore, it can be said that the people of Beixin at that time had entered the stage of dressing from the era of wearing animal skins and waist leaves.

The Beixin culture has formed a complete settlement, the sites are all semi-crypt buildings, the tombs are popular rectangular pit pit tombs, there are no burial tools, the production tools are mainly stone tools, bones, horns, teeth, mussels are very developed, and the production process is mainly grinding.

Agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and pottery have all progressed, and society has transitioned from a matrilineal clan society to a patrilineal clan society, and the form of ownership has changed from clan public ownership to family private ownership.

The economy of the Beixin period was dominated by agriculture, and a complete set of farming tools and millet grains were unearthed at the site. From stone shovels for ploughing the ground, antler hoes, pointed horns for sowing, mussel sickles for harvesting, stone grinding discs for threshing, stone grinding rods, etc.

Unearthed bone arrowheads, antler spear-shaped vessels, projectiles, bone fish darts, pottery net pendants, bone shuttles.

Domesticated pig-type animal skeletons and animal remains such as chickens and dogs were found.

A pair of carved symbols resembling bird's feet have also been found at the base of a piece of pottery, possibly belonging to an early script.

Zhaobaogou culture: Inner Mongolia, Liaoning and northern Hebei. Time: BC 5200-4400. The typical site is the site of Zhaobaogou in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia. The stone tools of Zhaobaogou culture inherited and carried forward the Xinglongwa culture.

The main feature of stone tools is the coexistence of polished stone tools with an abundance of fine stone tools. The production tools of stone mainly include pointed curved stone axes, flat stone axes, curved edge stone knives, grinding discs and grinding rods. There is a certain improvement over the Xinglongwa culture.

Cylindrical jars, oval-shaped bottom jars, zun-shaped vessels, bowls and bowls are the most common types of pottery. The pottery is mostly sand-brown pottery, handmade. The main patterns are simulated animal patterns, abstract geometric patterns and zigzag patterns.

14 pieces of pottery were unearthed from the site of the South Terrace, of which 5 pieces were depicted with the celestial pattern of the divine beast, plus the celestial pattern of the divine beast on the fragment, including a divine beast sun pattern, two divine beast moon phase patterns, and a divine beast star pattern, constituting the four spirits. On the venerable vessel of the Xiaoshan site, the pig-headed dragon, the deer-headed dragon and the high-crowned divine bird were found. The archaeological community calls the cultural representative as "China's first god map and the earliest perspective painting", which has epoch-making significance in ideology and painting art.

It shows that a relatively advanced concept of god worship has emerged in the society at that time. The appearance of the pig-headed snake body spirit object and the deer-patterned spirit object with wings and long tail is the prototype of dragon worship in later generations. The picture of the high-crowned divine bird also far exceeds the image of real birds, and is the prototype of the phoenix worship in later generations. The animal spirit pattern on the polished pottery statue of Zhaobaogou culture can be regarded as the earliest auspicious pattern of dragon and phoenix in China.

The main economic form of Zhaobaogou culture is primitive agriculture, and the hunting economy occupies a certain proportion. At that time, there was already a class division, and the social division of labor had become more obvious, showing a developed primitive religious belief and a strong fertility cult.