Speech, as a kind of social practice of oral expression, not only inspires and instructs people with its profound discussions, but also infects and motivates people with its strong lyricism. The whole speech process is full of the speaker's emotional transmission to the audience. This kind of transmission is the emotional information transmitted by the speaker's spoken language and situational language, which is realized through the audience's perception, association, experience and resonance. It is the heart-to-heart communication between the speaker and the audience, the blending of feelings and feelings, and it is also an important psychological way to strengthen the effect of the speech.

●Call-to-call

The call-to-call style refers to the use of warm calls to directly inspire the audience in the excitement of the speech. This kind of expression can concentrate on emotional direction and strongly stimulate the psychological emotions of the audience, so as to achieve the purpose of emotional transmission.

For example, Li Yanjie, a well-known orator, gave a report entitled "The Country, the Nation, and Healthy Trends" to young people; after enumerating typical examples from ancient and modern China and foreign countries, and linking his own true feelings, he incisively expounded on the "patriotic heart," "the soul of the nation," and the "song of righteousness," and said with great passion: "Young friends, love our country and our nation, and work together to greatly carry forward the righteousness of our nation and the patriotic spirit of our Chinese nation in striving for prosperity!" This deafening call forged the speaker's belief in life and suddenly set off a wave of thoughts and feelings among young people who are concerned about the destiny and future of the motherland. The speaker's earnest call should be echoed in the hearts of the audience in response to the main theme of patriotism of the times, and the emotional activities of the speech reached a climax. This type of conduction, used at the end of a speech, can often produce a huge contagious force.

●Symmetry

Changing the name of the person when the speech needs to be changed to directly inspire the audience. This expression can adjust the emotional intention and quickly reduce the psychological distance with the audience, so as to play an emotional transmission role.

In his speech entitled "Life, Ideals, and Pursuits," Qu Xiao recalled his bumpy life journey in the past 20 years in the first person, showing the excellent character and noble sentiments of an intellectual who pursues ideals and truth. Finally, the speaker changed to the second person and said: "Especially young comrades, you should give full play to your wisdom and talents, and in the construction of the four modernizations, you should be young people worthy of the glorious title of the new era, take firm steps, and move towards your brilliant and magnificent adulthood!" ”

This earnest exhortation, full of hope for the speaker, immediately aroused the resonance of the young people's inner feelings. Every audience member can experience the emotions and intentions of the speaker from the narration of a drama of life. This type of conduction, when used during the presentation, can also strengthen the emotional connection between the speaker and the audience.

●Wish-giving type

The so-called wishing style refers to taking sincere wishes in the speech activity to directly motivate the audience. This kind of expression can clarify the emotional direction and naturally trigger the audience's emotional induction, thus producing the effect of emotional transmission.

On March 30, 1978, Comrade Guo Moruo made a speech entitled "The Spring of Science" at the National Science Conference, in which Guo Moruo reviewed the tortuous course of the development of science with confidence and affection, looked forward to the glorious prospects of the development of science, and expressed his most sincere wishes to scientific workers: "I wish that our older generation of scientific workers will grow strong and strong, and make new contributions to China's scientific cause in the new Long March. I wish the middle-aged generation of scientists to work hard and bravely scale the world's scientific peaks. I wish that the young people of the whole country will devote themselves to the majestic cause of communism and carry on the torch lit by the revolutionaries and scientists of the older generation. ”

This warm wish expressed the ardent expectations of the speakers, and all the participants were deeply moved, and the enthusiastic hope of the older generation turned into a great force for the new generation to create the future, and the thoughts and feelings of the speakers and the audience were also blended into one in this good wish. This method of conduction, when used at the climax of a speech, often receives a strong lyrical effect.

●Speech "stage fright" analysis

What is your worst enemy as a speaker? Undoubtedly, it is "stage fright". Stage fright can nullify everything you have carefully prepared (speech, appearance, posture, etc.) and present an embarrassing, clumsy, pitiful image to the audience. Is that a bit of an overkill? Take a look:

The famous American writer Mark Twain seemed to have a mouth stuffed with cotton, and his pulse was as fast as a runner.

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill seems to have a block of ice in his heart.

The American politician Louis George had his tongue against the upper gums and could not say a word.

Li Yanjie "seems to be carrying a deer in his arms".

The Roman orator Cicero was "pale, and his limbs and heart trembled."

The American orator Jennings Burrian's knees shook together.

Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi "is not speaking, but screaming".

We can take solace in the fact that stage fright is a common psychology among debuters, even among the world's leading orators. But we must overcome it, because "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself" (Roosevelt).

The general manifestation of stage fright is excessive tension. The "psycho-physiological-social" model believes that tension is the result of an imbalance between environmental stimuli and body capacity, and is an "emotional stress" behavior that the body cannot adapt to the environment, and it often shows the following physiological reactions: increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, sweat gland secretion, dry mouth, tight throat, tremor voice, stiff limbs, muscle twitches, headache and dizziness, etc.

In psychology, things that can cause tension are called "stressors". There are four types of stressors: physical, cultural, social, and psychological. In the speech, the stressors of nervousness are mainly the latter two, specifically, the main ones are:

1. Strange experiences

When we are in an unfamiliar environment and atmosphere, standing on the podium, and speaking to a large audience at a rare angle, distance, and manner (posture, tone, volume, etc.), the nervous experience is bound to occur. It can create a sense of "loneliness" and "crisis", and even make us nervously think, "Oh, why am I here, what am I going to do?" So there was a blank in my head.

2. Excessive expectations

Everyone expects their presentation to be successful, but subjective expectations (such as "first place" and "speaker's" expectations) can push you to strive for "perfection" in every detail. When the audience does not respond well, they will be especially flustered and irritable, which can disrupt the scheduled speech schedule.

3. Attitude of low self-esteem

I think that I don't have enough knowledge, experience, and the quality of a speaker, and I just "fit the situation" when I go to the podium. And when I saw the speakers at the front of the queue calmly and talking, it increased my weakness and timidity. Another important reason for the formation of an inferiority complex is that because I have not completely memorized the speech, I have formed a preconceived view that "this time I must make a fool of myself".

4. Audience pressure

If you are convinced that the audience knows the topic of the speech better than you do, or if you have an unfriendly attitude towards yourself, you will develop an immediate psychological pressure, which will lead to a quick avoidance intention: "Hurry up and finish the speech." ”

5. Personality traits

People who are submissive, dependent, suggestible, and introverted and shy are the most likely to suffer from "social phobia", let alone speaking in public. From the perspective of temperament, depressive and mucous substances are more likely to form nervousness than choleric and bloody substances.

After analyzing the "stressors", it is possible to take some concrete measures to eliminate tension. However, the nervousness mentioned above only refers to excessive tension. And moderate tension is not only harmless, but beneficial. Psychologist Spielman said it well: "It's not about getting nervous, it's about getting rid of panic." "Psychological research has proved that people's stress level and activity efficiency are related to an inverted "U" curve. This means that a level of tension that is too low or too high is not conducive to activity, and only in a moderate state of tension can there be good efficiency. Moderate tension is a motivating factor for people's activities. We often use exams, evaluations, inspections, competitions, and other means to promote activities, and the purpose of this is to create a sense of tension and create a "activation effect". Moderate tension will prompt a large amount of adrenal hormones in the human body to be secreted without forming secretion disorders. Increasing the secretion of adrenal hormones can not only increase physical strength, but also greatly promote people's thinking activities, attention ability, memory ability, etc. "Urgency creates wisdom" and "urgency creates vitality" are examples. A moderate amount of nervousness can also motivate people to approach activities seriously and prudently, rather than blindly assertively and hastily.

A runner is already at the starting line, waiting for the referee's call, but if he doesn't feel nervous at this point, things don't go well. Similarly, when a speaker is about to arrive with a listless look, things are not always going well. It has been advocated that hypnosis should be used to eliminate tension, which is effective in clinical practice, but not suitable for presentation.

So, how to avoid the "stage fright" caused by nervousness?

First of all, the speaker should have sufficient and convincing "self-confidence". Looking at people who have achieved success in their careers, most of them are very confident. "If I insist on anything, I can't be knocked down with a cannon." "We should have faith, especially self-confidence. We must believe that our gifts are for something to do, and that it must be done, no matter what the cost. (Marie Curie) "I was determined to get a Ph.D. in chemistry, and I did; I was determined to write stories, and I did; Then I decided to write a novel, and I did; Then I decided to write a book on science, and I did; In the end, I decided to become a writer for an entire era, and I was sure that I had become such a person. (Asimov)

Self-confidence does have an important impact on people's psyche. Psychologists in the former Soviet Union selected one of the ugliest female students from a group of people and demanded that they change their opinion of her, show her courtesy, scramble to take care of her, and take her self-confidence by believing that she was a smart and beautiful girl. As a result, in less than a year, she became charming and moving, and her behavior was like two people. Solovichk said: "Beauty and ugliness are not in who you are, but in how you see yourself." Those who think they are beautiful are often beautiful, and those who often complain about their ugliness will pretend to be stupid. In the same way, he who does not feel that he is smart does not become very smart; If you don't feel that you are kind, you can't become a kind person. ”

Look at how much magic self-confidence can have!

One of the founders of electricity, Faraday of England was not only a great scientist, but also an outstanding speaker. He is adept at piquing the audience's interest in science and his brilliant presentations in concise, clear, and easy-to-understand language. His admirers marveled at his oratorical skills. Once, a novice was about to give a lecture and asked Faraday how to assume the level of the audience, and Faraday replied bluntly, "They don't know anything." ”

● "Suggest" techniques for presentations

"Suggestion" is a psychological strategy that does not directly clarify a problem, but relies on direct or indirect prompts to make the listener understand for themselves. There is a kind of smoking cessation phone in foreign countries, when people are addicted to smoking, pick up the telephone receiver, dial a specific number, you can hear the unbearable panting, coughing, so as to dispel the idea of smoking.

Suggestion, as a means of expressing ideas, can often receive special effects. In the art of speech, it is often manifested in subtle, euphemistic, roundabout, questioning, reverse and other techniques.

Hints also have the subtle effect of being able to influence the listener unconsciously.

In addition to language, the speaker's expressions and actions can also be used as "symbols" for suggestion. On one occasion, Lincoln appeared in court as the defendant's defense counsel. The plaintiff's lawyer presented a simple argument over and over again for more than two hours, and the audience was extremely impatient. When it was Lincoln's turn to speak, he was seen to walk up to the podium, first take off his coat and put it on the table, then take a glass and drink a few sips of water; He put on his coat again, and drank water again. This was repeated five or six times, making the audience lean forward and backwards, and be overwhelmed. This hint of "not saying a word" led him to his "first victory".

Speeches are generally "implied by others", which includes:

1. Direct insinuation

Direct suggestion, i.e., conscious direct prompting. For example, the ancient Greek orator Pericles said: "I do not want to make a lengthy speech on some issues that you are all familiar with, and I will not say about some of the military operations with which we have won our victory, nor of the heroic resistance of our fathers against the internal and external enemies of Greece...... or a passage from Qiu Jin: "Heaven is born of man, and there is no difference between men and women. Let me ask, if there is no woman in the world, can these people be born? …… Ladies and gentlemen, the country is about to perish, and the man himself is not protected, do we still want to rely on him? The former is "want to say and rest", and the latter is "ask without doubt", both of which are direct hints. 

2. Indirect insinuation

Indirect cues are indirect cues that do not reveal motives. This implication is not easy to understand, but once it is understood, the resulting experience is profound. Consider a speech by Lincoln: "Someone wrote to me asking how much I had. I have a wife and a son, both of whom are priceless. In addition, an office was rented with a desk, three chairs, and a large bookshelf in the corner, with books worth reading for everyone. I myself am tall and thin, with a long face, and I don't get fat. I really have nothing to rely on, the only one I can rely on is you. ”

After listening to the above speech, what impression did you have of Lincoln? Of course, this impression was formed unintentionally. The first is the abundance of feelings (both wife and son are priceless); secondly, the thought is profound (the books on the large shelves are worth reading for everyone); Also, humility and sincerity (there is really nothing to rely on, the only one to rely on is you). What else can be said about a person who possesses these three qualities?

3. Counter-suggestion

Counter-suggestion is the opposite of revealing the motive, that is, "talking the opposite". When Feng Yuxiang was a brigade commander, he heard his subordinates complain one day: soldiers from other units laughed at them for their tattered clothes and scolded them as Sun Tzu's soldiers. In order to boost morale, he immediately gathered all the officers and soldiers to make a speech before the team:

"Just now you came to report that the soldiers of the Fourth Brigade scolded us for being Sun Tzu's soldiers, and I heard that everyone was very angry, but I think they were right. According to the historical relationship, their brigade commander once served as the assistant commander of the twenty towns, I came out of the twenty towns, and you are my students, aren't you two generations shorter? They say that you are Sun Tzubing, aren't they right? Looking at the clothes again, the son of satin is silk, and the son of silk is cloth. Now they wear satin and we wear cloth, so they say that we are Sun Tzubing, isn't that right? However, having said that, if you go to war one day, you will be able to see who is the grandfather and who is the real grandson. ”

This speech seems to be true or not, and it seems to be repressed. After hearing this, the soldiers' emotions suddenly rose, and they turned from inferiority to pride.

Proper hints can bring magic to a speech, but like humor, it is not a panacea, otherwise it will affect the "intelligibility" of the speech.

The following is a brilliant "hint" speech, which is the psychologist Lucelo's exhortation to suicide attempts, and it would be a pity not to read it. It is reproduced below for your enjoyment:

You've made a desperate bet, life is no longer attractive to you, and you've committed suicide.

Good. But before you kill yourself, I want to tell you a few things, I am a nurse in a psychiatric hospital, and I have seen with my own eyes all kinds of suicides.

Suicide is not always successful. Do you think you can kill yourself? Look at this 25-year-old who tried to electrocute himself, but he was alive, but both of his arms were gone.

So how about jumping off a building? Go ask John. He was such a smart and humorous man, but that was before he jumped off the building. Today, his brain is damaged, he is on crutches, he is faltering, and he is forever in need of someone else's care. The worst thing is that he also understands that he was a normal person.

Even less drastic ways can make you disabled. Do you want to take sleeping pills to death? Look at this 12-year-old kid, who has a serious liver disease because of it. Have you ever seen a patient with severe liver disease? You will die as your whole body slowly turns yellow. It's just too painful.

There is no foolproof way. Do you want to use a gun? The 24-year-old shot himself in the head, now dragging a leg and a useless arm, and has lost half of his sight and hearing. That's what you think is a foolproof approach.

Suicide isn't that glamorous. You can imagine a movie star who goes into a long sleep in her pajamas after swallowing an overdose of sleeping pills. However, ignore the fact that with death, her muscles become stiff, and in the end, all beauty turns to dust.

Who wiped your blood off the floor and scraped your brains? Who untied you from the upper hanging rope? Who scooped up your swollen corpse from the river? Your mother? Your wife? Or your son? This is an errand that even a professional cleaner would turn down. But someone has to do it.

Your well-worded, loving farewell letter is useless. Those who love you will never be completely freed from this sad affair. They are remorseful and fall into boundless pain and anger at the same time because then you only think of yourself.

Suicide is a contagious disease. Look at your family members: sons, daughters, brothers, sisters, husbands, wives. Your 4-year-old son is playing with his little car on the carpet. If you kill yourself tonight, he'll do the same thing 10 years from now. In fact, suicide often leads to suicide by the rest of the family. Children are particularly vulnerable in this regard, so they are more vulnerable.

You have to have other options. There will always be someone to help you in a crisis, make a phone call, find a friend, see a doctor, or call the police.

Maybe they will tell you that there is still hope in life. This light of hope may come from a letter tomorrow; Maybe a phone call from the weekend; Maybe from a nice Samaritan you met in a store. You don't know where it came from – no one knows. But what you expect can come suddenly in a minute, a day, or a month.

Do you still insist on doing this stupid thing? Do you have to do it? Well, I'll see you in the care unit of the psychiatric hospital soon, and we'll take care of what you're left of and do all the things you'll never do again.

● The "passionate" effect of speech

In a speech, enthusiasm is expressed through the speaker's facial expressions, posture, language, intonation, etc. "A cold man gives an enthusiastic speech" - would you believe it?

Enthusiasm is the source of human activity. Hegel said, "Without passion, no great achievement in the world can be achieved." Lenin said: "We were motivated by the wave of enthusiasm, which first aroused the general political enthusiasm of the people, and then their military enthusiasm, with which we had intended to directly achieve economic tasks as great as general political and military tasks." In the speech, we should take the effective background and shortcut of "enthusiasm", and use the strength of emotion to infect the audience and fully arouse the "psychological resonance" between the audience and the speaker.

How do you give a "passionate" speech? It depends first and foremost on your interest and feelings for your audience. Psychologist Adelo believes: "People who are not interested in others have the greatest difficulties in life, and they also suffer the most damage to others, and all human failures occur from these people." Known as the King of Magic, Seston believes that he has two successful experiences: first, he understands human feelings, and secondly, he has real feelings for people. Every time before going on stage, he repeatedly said to himself: "I love my audience, and I will try my best to give them the best." "Note: If you don't have an interest and enthusiasm for your audience, there's no way to hide it. According to the novelist Kaiser, "Passion is the secret of every artist, and every speaker should be an artist." It's an open secret, it's very effective, and like a hero's skill, it can't be impersonated with a fake weapon. ”

During World War II, the singer Smith was a great success when he gave a speech on a radio program urging public debt purchases. In fact, the level of her speech is average, but because she is full of sincerity and unpretentious, the audience feels that she is simply "a parent who is looking forward to the return of her children, and an infatuated girl who is looking forward to her boyfriend's triumph as soon as possible".

Passion for the topic and content of the speech is also indispensable. If you don't have a feeling of "spitting it out" about what you are going to say, and if the topic and content of the speech do not move you, then I advise you not to talk about it yet, otherwise you and the audience will be in an embarrassing situation. An ancient Roman poet said it well: "There is only one way to move people's hearts, and that is to show them that you yourself have been moved first." Kalinin believes: "If you want your language to move others, then you should inject your own blood into it." ”

During the Second World War, in the face of the frenzied attack of the German, Italian and Japanese fascists, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill dictated a speech to his secretary: "We will never surrender, we will never give in." We will fight to the end. We will fight in France, we will fight at sea and in the oceans, and we will fight with confidence in the air as we get stronger. We will defend our homeland at any cost...... We will never surrender at any time! According to his secretary, when Churchill dictated the speech, the seventy-year-old prime minister was "weeping like a child."