Mohism was one of the main philosophical schools in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty of China, and the three major Han philosophical systems represented by Confucius (Confucianism) and Laozi (Taoism) formed a prosperous situation in which hundreds of schools of thought contended. The Mohist family was born around the Warring States period. The founder is Mo Zhai (Mozi). The Mohists were a well-disciplined academic society, and their leaders were called "Juzi", and their members had to carry out the Mohist ideas when they went to various countries to serve as officials, and the income from them had to be donated to the group. The Mohist school was divided into the early and late periods, with the early period mainly dealing with socio-political, ethical and epistemological issues, and the later Mohists making important contributions to logic. It advocates that people love each other on an equal footing (concurrently love) and opposes wars of aggression (non-offensive). Pay attention to cultural inheritance (Ming ghosts) and master the laws of nature (Tianzhi).

Mozi (c. 468 BC - 376 BC), surnamed Mozi Zhai (dí), is known as Mozi. "Surname Search" says that the Mo family is from Song Weizi and is a descendant of Song Weizi. During the Warring States period of China, a famous thinker, politician, military strategist, social activist and natural scientist, he once served as a doctor of the Song Kingdom, a craftsman who made utensils, and was good at making equipment for defending the city. Mo Zhai, a famous thinker in ancient China, was born and died in an unknown year, probably between 479 and 381 BC. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, he was a thinker and politician who put forward the views of "love and love" and "non-attack", founded the Mohist doctrine, and the book "Mozi" was handed down. Moxue had a great influence at that time, and the article "Mencius Teng Wengong" said: "The words of Yang Zhu and Mo Zhai are all over the world, and the words of the world are not attributed to Yang, but to Mo." It can be known that in the Spring and Autumn Period, Yang Zhu's learning and ink learning went hand in hand, and it belonged to Xianxue. According to legend, Mo Zhai was originally a native of the Song Kingdom, and later lived in the Lu Kingdom for a long time. He studied Confucianism. Dissatisfied with the cumbersomeness of "rites", he set up a new theory and gathered disciples to give lectures, becoming the main opposition of Confucianism. It is said that the king of Chu had planned to attack the Song Dynasty, and Mozi went to persuade the king of Chu, and won the victory in the simulated attack and defense with the public loss class, and the king of Chu had to retreat. Mozi's thoughts and propositions can be found in Mohists.

Most of the ink writers come from the lower strata of society, with the purpose of "rejuvenating the benefits of the world and eliminating the harm of the world". Mo Tu is not Qian". Particularly hard practice, "short brown clothes, quinoa soup, towards it." then the Celestial Guardian". "Rub your heels. benefit the world, for it" (Mencius? "Clothed in fur and brown, and clothed in straw sandals. Day and night, self-suffering is the extreme", life is hard. The ink can "go to the soup and die, and die without spinning the heel", which means that he will not turn his heel and retreat until he dies. Those who engage in debate are called "ink debates", and those who are engaged in martial arts are called "ink heroes". The Mo must obey the leadership of Juzi, and his discipline is strict, and it is said that "the law of the Mo man, the murderer dies, and the wounder is punished" ("Lü's Spring and Autumn Period"). For example, the son of Juzi Belly killed someone, and although he was forgiven by King Qin Hui, he still adhered to the "law of the ink man" of "death to the murderer". According to the Mohist regulations, Mohists who were sent to various countries as officials had to carry out Mohist political ideas, and when that worked, they preferred to resign. In addition, the inkers who are officials should donate money to the group, so as to "share the wealth". Leaders should lead by example. Mohists are a school of thought with leaders, doctrines, and organizations, and they have a strong spirit of social practice. The Mo scholars endured hardships and stood hard work, were strict with themselves, and regarded the maintenance of justice and morality as an unshirkable responsibility. Most of the ink writers were knowledgeable laborers. In the early period, the Mohists had a great influence at the beginning of the Warring States period, and were called Xianxue together with the Yang Zhu School. Its social ethics centered on love and love, advocating "harmony and ease of separation", and opposed the concept of social hierarchy emphasized by Confucianism. It proposes "mutual love and mutual benefit"[1], and uses Shangxian, Shangtong, thrift, and funeral as the method of governing the country. It also opposed the annexation wars of the time and put forward the idea of non-offensive. It advocates non-fate, heavenly will, and clear ghosts, denying the mandate of heaven on the one hand, and at the same time acknowledging the existence of ghosts and gods. In the early period, Mohists put forward an experience-based method of epistemology, advocating "hearing what is seen" and "taking truth and name". It proposes three tables as a method to test the correctness of understanding (Three Tables: the standard proposed by Mozi to test the correctness of understanding. The three tables are (1) "the above book for the ancient holy kings", that is, based on the historical experience of the ancient holy kings recorded in history. (2) "Shimohara examines the reality of the people's ears and eyes", that is, based on the feelings and experiences of the people. (3) "Abolish (issue) as criminal administration, and look at the interests of the people of the country", that is, whether the results of political practice are in line with the interests of the state and the people. This is the earliest proposition on the criterion of truth in the history of Chinese philosophy, which has had an important impact on later generations). In the later period, Mohists were divided into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, geometry, geometric optics, statics and other disciplines, which was called "Mohist Post-Studies" (also known as "Late Mohists"), and the other was transformed into rangers in Qin and Han societies. The former inherited many of the social and ethical ideas of the Mohists in the early period, and made great achievements in epistemology and logic. In addition to affirming the role of sensory experience in cognition, the later Mohists also recognized the role of rational thinking in cognition, which overcame the empiricist tendency of the early Mohists. It also makes a clear definition of the basic categories of ancient logic, such as "reason", "reason" and "class", distinguishes three types of concepts such as "reach", "class" and "private", and also studies the forms of judgment and reasoning, which occupies an important position in the history of ancient Chinese logic. After the Warring States period, the Mo family has declined. By the time of the Western Han Dynasty, due to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's policy of exclusive respect for Confucianism, changes in social mentality, and the hard training, strict rules and noble ideas of the Mo family itself, which were not accessible to everyone, the Mo family basically disappeared after the Western Han Dynasty. However, according to archaeological findings, the last generation appeared in the late Qing Dynasty and all perished. There is also a saying that at the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the last generation of Juzi left a suicide note, this Juzi only had two disciples left, one outside and one inside, and the disciples went far to establish a career, and the inner disciples closed this hidden spirit secret house. An important school of thought emerged during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The book "Mozi" was recorded and compiled by his disciples when Mozi was lecturing. The writing is simple and unpretentious, lacking in literature, but it is logical, and he is good at using specific examples to reason, which has made the reasoning essay have developed greatly, and has played an important role in the development of argumentative essays in later generations. The founder is the famous thinker Mozi (Mo Zhai). Mo Zhai advocated "love", "non-aggression", and "virtue", which was in sharp opposition to the Confucian view. Mohism is a school of thought that preaches benevolent government. Before the rise of Legalism, which represented the interests of the new landlord class, Mohism was the largest school of thought in opposition to Confucianism in the pre-Qin period. Tied for "Manifest Learning". "Han Feizi Xianxue" records: "The world's Xianxue, Confucianism and Moye." Where Confucianism goes, Confucius goes, where ink goes, Mo Zhai also. "Mozi wants to greatly change Zhou's system.

The Ink Story. 1 There was a very famous Mo family named Belly Shu, who lived in the Qin State, and his son killed someone. King Qin Hui said: "The gentleman is old, and he has no other son, so I have ordered the officials not to kill him." Sir will listen to me in this matter. He replied, "The Mohist statute stipulates: 'Whoever kills must be put to death, and whoever injures must be punished.'" This is used to prohibit killing and injuring people, which is the great righteousness of the world. Though the king takes care of it. Let the officials not kill him. I can't ignore the laws of the Shi Mo family. Without agreeing to King Qin Hui, he killed his own son. The son is favored by the people, and the patience to cut off what he prefers and promote the righteousness can be called selfless. 2. The Mo family has a giant who is Meng Sheng. Working under the nobleman Yang Chengjun of the Chu State. Yangchengjun ordered Meng Sheng to lead the Mo family to help him defend the city. And divide the jade into two halves. As a symbol. Yang Chengjun took one piece for himself, gave Meng Sheng another piece, and made an agreement: "If someone comes to take over the fief." You have to show the symbols, and if they match (they fit together in their entirety), it means that it is my command. (Otherwise, it is not)" Later, the king of Chu died, and the ministers besieged and pursued Wu Qi, and used knives and guns at the funeral of the king of Chu, and Yangchengjun also participated in the operation. Later, the state of Chu wanted to be held responsible, and the king of Yangcheng fled, and the state of Chu wanted to recover the fief of Yangcheng, and the state of Chu sent a large army to surround Yangcheng and sent an envoy to ask for the fief to be recovered. The person who sent someone to recover the fief did not have the piece of Huangyu of Yangchengjun, so Meng Sheng said: "Accept other people's fiefs and have a covenant with others." I want to take back the fief today, but I didn't receive the runes. But according to my ability, I can't stop me from defending Yangcheng, in order to abide by the letter and help Yangcheng Jun defend the city, it seems that it is impossible for me not to die in Yangcheng. Meng Sheng's disciple Xu Miao dissuaded Meng Sheng and said: "Even if you die, if it is beneficial to Yangchengjun, it will be counted, but if you do this, not only will it not be beneficial to Yangchengjun, but it will also cut off the Mo family organization, I think it is not okay." Meng Sheng said, "No." I am his teacher, even if I am not his teacher, I am his friend, even if I am not his friend, I am also his subordinate. If I don't die, then I won't come to the Inkman when I meet my mentor, I won't come to the Inkman when I make friends, and I won't come to the Inkman when I hire a good employee. I died for the morality of the ink practitioners, and in order to allow the Mo family to inherit the cause, I gave up the position of the giant to Tian Xiangzi in the Song Kingdom. Tian Xiangzi is a virtuous person, and he will definitely be able to lead the Mo family to become strong, so how can he be afraid that the Mo family will be cut off and the Mo family will be peerless?" Xu Miao said: "After listening to your words, teacher, I have benefited a lot, so please let me die first to open the way for you in Huangquan." So he rushed out of the city to fight the Chu army, and after his death, he asked the ink scholars to send their heads back in front of Meng Sheng. Meng Sheng sent two of his subordinates to lead people out of the siege, and wanted to wear the token of the giant to Tian Xiangzi. And Yangcheng was besieged by the Chu army, Meng Sheng died, and his disciples followed him to die with one hundred and eighty people. Two of the people who rushed out of the city finally saw Tian Xiangzi, and handed over the Juzi token and Meng Sheng's instructions (it is said that the giant was located in Tian Xiang) to Tian Xiangzi, preparing to go back to Chu and follow Meng Sheng to be martyred. Tian Xiangzi stopped them and said, "Meng Shengzi has passed on the position of the giant prince to me, you have to listen to me, don't go back." But the two men went back to be buried. The Mo scholar thinks that if he does not listen to the words of the giant, he does not know the righteousness of the Mo family. If you only impose harsh punishments and heavy rewards, (without the guidance of faith), you will definitely not reach the level of Mohistism. Most of the governance methods in this world are only to impose harsh punishments and heavy rewards, so that things like the Mohist (sublime realm) will not appear, which is what the ancient times believed was to be troublesome and harsh.

The basic ideas of Mohist Buddhism are mainly as follows. 1. Simultaneous love, complete fraternity (contrary to the Confucian kinship, the treatment of relatives such as father's kindness, son's filial piety, brother's friend, brother's brother, etc., is extended to other strangers). 2. Non-offensive, oppose aggressive wars (wars hurt the losers, hurt people's lives, and damage their talents, and are meaningless sabotage actions.) For the victorious side, it is only a few cities and taxes, but in general the damage and losses are also huge, so war is a pointless act). 3 Shang Xian, regardless of the noble and low, the meritocracy. 4 Shang Tong, the whole down and down to serve the people, for the society to prosper and eliminate the disadvantages (there is a saying for "Shang Tong", that the Son of Heaven is the head of a hundred officials, and the people listen to the orders of the hundred officials, and the same as the above, this is the meaning of "Shang Tong"). 5 Tianzhi grasps the laws of nature (there is a saying that the Son of Heaven administers on behalf of Heaven, and deduces from the concept of the same as above that the people act according to the will of Heaven). 6. Respect the wisdom and experience of predecessors (there is a saying that the Mohists say that ghosts are not superstitions, but hope to use the gods and ghosts to make the people vigilant and not evil). 7. Destiny, through hard work and struggle to control their own destiny. 8 Non-music, get rid of the shackles of hierarchical ceremonial music, and abolish the cumbersome and extravagant production and performance of chimes (ancient music is time-consuming, costly, and useless for the state to produce without production). 9 savings, saving to expand production. Against a life of luxury and pleasure. 10 festival burial, do not waste social wealth on the dead (Confucian heavy burial costs money, mourning takes three years, after three years, people are weak and need someone to help to get started, affecting the country's productivity, it is a waste). In addition, there is logic, etc., Mozi is also an outstanding scientist, and has made significant contributions to mechanics, geometry, algebra, optics, etc., which is beyond the reach of contemporary scholars. The achievements of the Mohists in science have been praised by many scholars, and Cai Yuanpei, the first Minister of Education of the Republic of China, believes that "the pre-Qin Dynasty was the only Mozi who governed science". Historian Yang Xiangkui said: "The scientific and technological achievements of the ancient Chinese Mohists were equal to or surpassed those of the whole of ancient Greece." ”

The famous allusion of the Mohists is conformist. It is said that the public loss class (Lu Ban) built a cloud ladder for the Chu State and was about to attack the Song State. Mozi rushed to the state of Chu day and night in an attempt to prevent the war. So, Mozi and Gongyi, the two wizards, conducted a simulation exercise in the court of Chu State. The public loses the class attack, Mozi guards, and takes the unwritten craftsman hidden language of the Lu people as the rule, unravels the belt as the city, and uses the mu as the weapon. Gong lost Ban Jiu's opportunity to attack the city, and Mozi thwarted his attack nine times. The public losing class is exhausted and the weapon is admitted. Faced with the superb wisdom of Mozi and the reality that hundreds of Mo disciples were waiting in the Song Kingdom, the King of Chu had to lament: "There is no attack on the Song Dynasty." The details of the offensive and defensive battles between the two are not recorded in the well-worded "Mozi", but we can get a glimpse of it from the Q&A between Mozi and his eldest disciple Yu Huali. Yu Huali asked Mozi: "The methods of attack in the world today are nothing more than pro, hook, rush, ladder, mound, water, hole, burst, hollow, ant fu, xuanche, may I ask the teacher, how to defend against these twelve attacks?" In view of the above siege methods, Mozi proposed a good solution to solve the city, and the content was extremely detailed. Mozi particularly emphasized the guiding ideology of active defense that "the defender of the city should put the enemy first". He held that the defense of the city "will be prolonged for a long time and wait for help," and the specific measures for "urgently injuring the enemy" are: making use of the terrain and relying on the city to correctly deploy troops; with the national capital as the center, a multi-level depth of border cities, county towns, and national capitals will be formed. Then there is an idiom "conformism". (To be continued......)